Fluctuación poblacional de los principales insectos fitófagos y sus enemigos naturales en el cultivo de alcachofa en el valle de Ica

Abstract

El trabajo de investigación se desarrolló en el distrito de Santiago, departamento de Ica, en el cultivo de alcachofa cultivar “Lorca”, con el objetivo de determinar la fluctuación poblacional de los principales insectos fitófagos y sus enemigos naturales. Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller) y Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) se presentaron en bajas poblaciones principalmente durante la fase de crecimiento vegetativo; Heliothis virescens (Fabricius), Copitarsia corruda (Pogue  Simmons), Spodoptera spp. y Anomala undulata (Erichson) se registraron en la fase de crecimiento vegetativo y formación de capítulos florales; Amauromyza maculosa (Malloch) presentó mayor incidencia en la fase de formación de capítulos florales infestando principalmente el tercio inferior; Myzus persicae (Sulzer) y Tetranychus urticae (Koch) se presentaron en focos. Los predatores registrados fueron Chrysoperla sp., Nabis punctipennis (Blanchard), Metacanthus tenellus (Stål), Geocoris punctipes (Say), Hippodamia convergens (Guérin-Méneville) y Orius insidiosus (Say). Los parasitoides recuperados de larvas de lepidópteros fueron: Winthemia reliqua (Cortes  Campos), Archytas marmoratus (Townsend), Enicospilus sp. y Campoletis sp.; de Amauromyza maculosa (Malloch) se recuperó Ganaspidium sp., Halticoptera arduine (Walker) y Closteroserus sp. Los factores climatológicos y las diversas actividades agrícolas influenciaron en la presencia y desarrollo de los insectosThe study reports the population dynamics of those insects species that feed on the artichoke (Cynara scolymus) cv. Lorca as grown in Santiago, Ica, Perú from January to September (summer to springtime); these records are supplemented with the seasonal occurrence of each pest natural enemies: predators and parasites. Moth larvae of Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller) and Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) were found at low population levels during the plant vegetative growth phase; Heliothis virescens (Fabricius), Copitarsia corruda (Pogue & Simmons), Spodoptera spp. and Anomala undulata (Erichson) have been registered both during the vegetative growth phase and the formation of the plant flower heads. The leaf miner fly Amauromyza maculosa (Malloch), presented its highest incidence in the phase of flower head formation, and was found infesting the lower third of the plants. Spots or colonies of the aphid Myzus persicae (Suizer) and the spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Koch) were found during the entire season. The predators registered were Chrysoperla sp., Nabis punctipennis (Blanchard), Metacanthus tenellus (Stäl), Geocoris punctipes (Say), Hippodamia convergens (Guerin-Meneville) and Orius insidiosus (Say). The parasitoids recovered from moth larvae were Winthemia reliquia (Cortes & Campos), Archytas marmoratus (Towsend), Enicospilus sp. and Campoletis sp.. From Amauromyza maculosa (Malloch) was recovered Ganaspidium sp., Halticoptera arduine (Walker) and Closteroserus sp. Climatological factors and agricultural practices influenced the presence and development of insects