La infraestructura de la calidad para el cumplimiento de la legislación de aguas residuales no domésticas en el Perú
Authors
Uría Toro, María del Rosario
Abstract
La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar si la infraestructura de la calidad respecto a las Normas Técnicas Peruanas (NTP), los laboratorios de ensayo y el marco legal, es suficiente para atender la normativa de las aguas residuales no domésticas que se vierten en el sistema de alcantarillado en el Perú. Para lograr este objetivo, se realizaron tres encuestas relacionadas a la utilidad y valoración de las Normas Técnicas Peruanas, a la capacidad analítica de los laboratorios en las regiones, a las características de desempeño relacionadas a la confiabilidad de resultados; y, se hizo un análisis de legislación comparada con 10 países de 5 regiones del mundo. Se encontró que existen NTP para los 23 parámetros de los VMA con un promedio de porcentaje de valoración positiva de 83.48%; no obstante, no se aplican en la acreditación. Existen laboratorios acreditados para los 23 parámetros de los VMA que aplican métodos normalizados; por lo menos el 76% para los parámetros básicos, existiendo poca oferta acreditada o inexistente para los ensayos complementarios. Los laboratorios acreditados aplican las características de desempeño de confiabilidad de resultados para todos los ensayos que aplican, a diferencia de los laboratorios no acreditados. Respecto a su cobertura a nivel nacional, existen 43 laboratorios acreditados en 9 regiones del país, el 65% se concentra en Lima y Callao; solo 4 regiones tienen laboratorios para atender los 23 parámetros de los VMA. Las regiones en donde las EPS tienen mejor capacidad de gestión de los VMA, son donde existen laboratorios acreditados. En base al análisis de la legislación comparada de 10 países, se demuestra que los 23 parámetros de los VMA establecidos son adecuados, lo que sustenta su validez técnica; no obstante, hay diferencias en la forma y la frecuencia de muestreo. Se concluye que existe capacidad de la Infraestructura de la calidad para cumplir con los VMA establecidos en la legislación nacional, y se tienen varias fortalezas identificadas, puesto que existen NTP, laboratorios acreditados con la confiabilidad requerida, materiales de referencia y una legislación con parámetros y limites adecuados; sin embargo, se requiere mayor desarrollo y despliegue en términos del uso de las NTP, de ampliar la cobertura de laboratorios acreditados, de disponer de materiales de referencia en el ámbito de los contaminantes más importantes dependiendo del efluente de las industrias con mayor impacto en las descargas de aguas residuales no domésticas y de revisar la legislación en algunos aspectos claves a controlar.
The objective of this research was to evaluate if Peru’s Quality Infrastructure, with respect to the Peruvian Technical Standards (NTP), the testing laboratories, and the Peruvian legal framework, is sufficient to enable compliance with national regulation regarding nondomestic wastewater that is discharged into the sewerage system in Peru. To achieve this objective, three surveys were conducted related to the usefulness and value of Peruvian Technical Standards, the analytical capacity of laboratories in the regions, and the performance characteristics related to the reliability of results. National legislation was also analyzed in comparison with 10 countries from 5 regions of the world. It was found that there are NTPs for the 23 regulated parameters of Maximum Allowable Values (VMA) with an average percentage of positive valuation of 83.48%. However, these NTPs are not applied in accreditation. There are accredited laboratories for all 23 VMA parameters that apply standardized methods for at least 76% of the basic parameters, with little or no accredited offer for complementary tests. Accredited laboratories apply performance characteristics of reliability of results for all the tests they apply, unlike non-accredited laboratories. Regarding their coverage at a national level, there are 43 accredited laboratories in 9 regions of the country, with 65% concentrated in Lima and Callao. Only 4 regions have laboratories to test all 23 VMA parameters. The regions where Sanitation Service Providers (EPS) have the best capacity to manage VMAs are where there are accredited laboratories. Based on the comparative analysis of national legislation from 10 countries, it is shown that the 23 VMA parameters are adequate. The analysis supports their technical validity, although there are differences in the form and frequency of sampling. In conclusion, the capacity of Peru’s Quality Infrastructure enables compliance with the VMAs established in the national legislation, and several strengths have been identified, such as existence of NTPs, accredited laboratories with the required reliability, reference materials, and legislation with adequate parameters and limits. However, further development and deployment is required in terms of the use of NTPs, in expanding the coverage of accredited laboratories, in facilitating access to reference materials for the most important pollutants based on effluents from industries with the greatest impact on non-domestic wastewater discharge, and in the revision of national legislation in some key aspects regarding control.
The objective of this research was to evaluate if Peru’s Quality Infrastructure, with respect to the Peruvian Technical Standards (NTP), the testing laboratories, and the Peruvian legal framework, is sufficient to enable compliance with national regulation regarding nondomestic wastewater that is discharged into the sewerage system in Peru. To achieve this objective, three surveys were conducted related to the usefulness and value of Peruvian Technical Standards, the analytical capacity of laboratories in the regions, and the performance characteristics related to the reliability of results. National legislation was also analyzed in comparison with 10 countries from 5 regions of the world. It was found that there are NTPs for the 23 regulated parameters of Maximum Allowable Values (VMA) with an average percentage of positive valuation of 83.48%. However, these NTPs are not applied in accreditation. There are accredited laboratories for all 23 VMA parameters that apply standardized methods for at least 76% of the basic parameters, with little or no accredited offer for complementary tests. Accredited laboratories apply performance characteristics of reliability of results for all the tests they apply, unlike non-accredited laboratories. Regarding their coverage at a national level, there are 43 accredited laboratories in 9 regions of the country, with 65% concentrated in Lima and Callao. Only 4 regions have laboratories to test all 23 VMA parameters. The regions where Sanitation Service Providers (EPS) have the best capacity to manage VMAs are where there are accredited laboratories. Based on the comparative analysis of national legislation from 10 countries, it is shown that the 23 VMA parameters are adequate. The analysis supports their technical validity, although there are differences in the form and frequency of sampling. In conclusion, the capacity of Peru’s Quality Infrastructure enables compliance with the VMAs established in the national legislation, and several strengths have been identified, such as existence of NTPs, accredited laboratories with the required reliability, reference materials, and legislation with adequate parameters and limits. However, further development and deployment is required in terms of the use of NTPs, in expanding the coverage of accredited laboratories, in facilitating access to reference materials for the most important pollutants based on effluents from industries with the greatest impact on non-domestic wastewater discharge, and in the revision of national legislation in some key aspects regarding control.
Description
Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Escuela de Posgrado. Maestría en Ciencias Ambientales
Keywords
Aguas residuales, Tratamiento de aguas residuales, Tratamiento biológico contaminantes, Control de la contaminación, Calidad del agua, Infraestructura, Obras públicas, Calidad, Gestión, Normas, Legislación, Evaluación, Perú
Citation
Date
2021
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