Déficit hídrico y bajas temperaturas sobre la floración y cuajado en mandarina (Citrus spp.) ‘orri’
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Authors
Corpus Apolinario, Kevin Aldair
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Abstract
El cambio climático y las altas temperaturas que se presentan debido al fenómeno de El Niño afectan la floración y producción de frutos en las plantaciones de cítricos en la costa del Pacífico. Sin embargo, hay poca información sobre la floración y carga de frutos de las mandarinas en regiones próximas a la línea ecuatorial. Se realizó un experimento con árboles adultos de mandarina ‘Orri’ (10 años) que fueron sometidos a cuatro niveles de regímenes hídricos: un control comercial (riego deficitario de 27 días con 1.5 mm ha-1 aplicado dos veces por semana), y tres tratamientos de estrés sin riego para 20, 42 y 63 días. Además, se defoliaron y anillaron ramas para cuantificar el efecto del frío (número de horas por debajo de 20 °C) en la floración. No se registró interacción entre el estrés hídrico y el frío sobre la floración y el tipo de flores (p > 0.05). Los árboles sometidos a 63 días de estrés hídrico tuvieron un mayor número de brotes sin hojas con una sola flor. Las ramas de control, que recibieron 2578 horas de horas frío, presentaron menor número de uniflorales con hojas y mayor número de multiflorales sin hojas. El estrés hídrico y el frío excesivo provocaron mayor proporción de flores sin hojas, los cuales están asociados con un menor cuajado de frutos. Los árboles del control comercial mantuvieron el potencial hídrico del tallo y la transpiración significativamente mayores que todos los tratamientos de estrés. Si bien las tasas fotosintéticas no mostraron resultados significativos entre los tratamientos de control y de estrés de 20 días; la conductancia estomática se redujo significativamente después de 42 y 63 días de estrés (p < 0.05). El número de frutos por árbol fue mayor cuando los árboles recibieron 20 y 42 días de estrés hídrico (p < 0.05). La menor carga de frutos se observó en los árboles que recibieron 63 días de estrés hídrico, en los que se observó amarillamiento y leve defoliación.
Climate change and high temperatures that occur due to the El Niño phenomenon affect the flowering and fruit production of citrus orchards on the Pacific Coast. However, there is little information about the mandarin flowering and fruit load in these regions, close to the equator. An experiment was carried out with adult ‘Orri’ mandarin trees (10-year-old) that were subjected to four levels of water regimes: a commercial control (27-day deficit irrigation with 1.5 mm ha-1 applied twice a week) and three intensified stress treatments with zero irrigation for 20, 42 and 63 days of water stress, in addition, branches were defoliated and girdled to quantify the effect of cool temperatures (number of hours below 20 C) on flowering. There was no interaction between water stress and cool temperatures on flowering intensity and flower type (p > 0.05). Trees subjected to 63 days of water stress had a greater number of single-flowered leafless shoots. The control branches, which received 2578 hours of cool temperatures, had a lower number of single-terminal flowered leafy shoots and a higher number of multiflowered leafless shoots. Excessive water stress and cold caused a higher proportion of flowering leafless shoots, which are associated with lower fruit set. Commercial control trees maintained significantly higher stem water potential and transpiration than all stress treatments. While photosynthetic rates showed no significant difference between control and 20-day stress treatments; stomatal conductance was significantly reduced after 42 and 63 days of stress (p < 0.05). The number of fruits per tree was greater when the trees received 20 and 42 days of water stress (p < 0.05). The lowest fruit load was observed in trees that received 63 days of water stress, accompanied by leaf yellowing and slight defoliation.
Climate change and high temperatures that occur due to the El Niño phenomenon affect the flowering and fruit production of citrus orchards on the Pacific Coast. However, there is little information about the mandarin flowering and fruit load in these regions, close to the equator. An experiment was carried out with adult ‘Orri’ mandarin trees (10-year-old) that were subjected to four levels of water regimes: a commercial control (27-day deficit irrigation with 1.5 mm ha-1 applied twice a week) and three intensified stress treatments with zero irrigation for 20, 42 and 63 days of water stress, in addition, branches were defoliated and girdled to quantify the effect of cool temperatures (number of hours below 20 C) on flowering. There was no interaction between water stress and cool temperatures on flowering intensity and flower type (p > 0.05). Trees subjected to 63 days of water stress had a greater number of single-flowered leafless shoots. The control branches, which received 2578 hours of cool temperatures, had a lower number of single-terminal flowered leafy shoots and a higher number of multiflowered leafless shoots. Excessive water stress and cold caused a higher proportion of flowering leafless shoots, which are associated with lower fruit set. Commercial control trees maintained significantly higher stem water potential and transpiration than all stress treatments. While photosynthetic rates showed no significant difference between control and 20-day stress treatments; stomatal conductance was significantly reduced after 42 and 63 days of stress (p < 0.05). The number of fruits per tree was greater when the trees received 20 and 42 days of water stress (p < 0.05). The lowest fruit load was observed in trees that received 63 days of water stress, accompanied by leaf yellowing and slight defoliation.
Description
Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento
Académico de Horticultura
Keywords
Cítricos; Mandarina; Riego
Citation
Date
2026
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