Elaboración y caracterización de películas biodegradables de almidones de papas nativas y goma de tara
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Authors
Otero Chunga, Sthefany Margarita
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Abstract
El presente trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo elaborar y caracterizar películas biodegradables a base de almidón de papa (AP) o almidón de tunta (AT) de la variedad nativa Ocucuri negra y goma de tara (GT). La tunta es un producto deshidratado que se obtiene a partir de los tubérculos de papa mediante un proceso tradicional y artesanal que se basa en un congelado-secado natural. Se realizó un diseño de mezclas simplex utilizando la solución formadora de película (SFP) en una proporción de almidón: goma de tara de 100:0, 97.5:2.5, 95:5, 92.5:7.5 y 90:10 (4 g de biopolímeros/100 g de SFP) y glicerol como plastificante. Con el fin de determinar los modelos predictivos para las tres variables respuestas evaluadas: fuerza de tracción (FT), alargamiento a la rotura (AR) y permeabilidad al vapor de agua (PVA), se realizó un análisis de regresión múltiple donde se observó que la goma de tara tuvo un efecto positivo en la FT y PVA de las películas mezcla de AT-GT; y en el AR de la mezcla AP-GT. Para la determinación de la formulación óptima se realizó una optimización simultánea en base a las tres variables respuesta anteriormente descritas, y teniendo como objetivo maximizar la fuerza de tracción (FT), mantener en un rango aceptable el alargamiento a la rotura (AR) y minimizar la permeabilidad al vapor de agua (PVA). En función a estas condiciones para las variables respuesta, la formulación óptima para la mezcla AP-GT fue la proporción 100:0 y para la mezcla AT-GT, fue 90:10. Posteriormente, se realizó la caracterización de las formulaciones óptimas en base a sus propiedades físicas, mecánicas, morfológicas y estructurales obteniéndose resultados en la formulación óptima de AP-GT y de AT-GT de: 17.71 ± 0.19% y 18.32 ± 0.10% (para la humedad), 30.93 ± 1.73% y 23.42 ± 0.54% (para la solubilidad en agua), 438.93 ± 13.68% y 344.70 ± 21.46% (para el grado de hinchamiento), 96.42 ± 0.11 y 96.38 ± 0.11 (para el parámetro de color L*), 0.22 ± 0.01 y 0.21 ± 0.01 (para a*), 2.83 ± 0.03 y 2.85 ± 0.03 (para b*), 0.70 ± 0.07 y 0.77 ± 0.07 (para ∆E*), 4.19 ± 0.05 y 4.23 ± 0.05 (para el índice de amarillez), 95.43 ± 0.10 y 95.38 ± 0.10 (para el índice de blancura), 1.78 ± 0.06 A.mm-1 y 1.96 ± 0.13 A.mm-1 (para la transparencia), 5.02 ± 0.46 MPa y 10.65 ± 0.68 MPa (para la FT), 15.38 ± 1.12% y 11.52 ± 0.68% (para el AR), 7.26 ± 0.38 x10-11 gm-1s-1 Pa-1 y 6.14 ± 0.64 x10-11 gm-1s-1 Pa-1 (para la PVA) y 59.31 ± 2.84% y 69.07 ± 2.32% (desintegración en compost a los cinco días), respectivamente. Los espectros FTIR mostraron en las películas óptimas una banda ancha característica del grupo O-H polimérico en 3000-3600 cm-1. Las micrografías SEM de la superficie y la morfología de la sección transversal mostraron una superficie ligeramente rugosa sin ninguna grieta o poros y una fase homogénea y continua, lo que sugiere una buena compatibilidad y capacidad de formación de películas entre esos biopolímeros. En conclusión, los resultados obtenidos confirmaron que las películas óptimas de AP-GT y AT GT elaboradas presentan propiedades fisicoquímicas apropiadas junto con unas fuertes propiedades mecánicas y de barrera al vapor de agua, lo que nos señala su potencial uso como material de empacado biodegradable para la conservación de alimentos.
The objective of this research work was to elaborate and characterize biodegradable films based on potato starch (AP) or tunta starch (AT) of the native variety Ocucuri negra and tara gum (GT). Tunta is a dehydrated product obtained from potato tubers through a traditional and artisanal process based on natural freeze-drying. A simplex mixture design was performed using film forming solution (SFP) in a starch: tara gum ratio of 100:0, 97.5:2.5, 95:5, 92.5:7.5 and 90:10 (4 g biopolymers/100 g SFP) and glycerol as plasticizer. To determine the predictive models for the three response variables evaluated: tensile strength (FT), elongation at break (AR) and water vapor permeability (PVA), a multiple regression analysis was performed where it was observed that tara gum had a positive effect on the FT and PVA of the AT-GT blend films; and on the AR of the AP-GT blend. To determine the optimal formulation, a simultaneous optimization based on the three previously described response variables was conducted, aiming to maximize the tensile strength (FT), maintain an acceptable range for the elongation at break (AR), and minimize the water vapor permeability (PVA) Based on these conditions for the response variables, the optimum formulation for the AP-GT mixture was the ratio 100:0 and for the AT-GT mixture, it was 90:10. Subsequently, the optimal formulations were characterized based on their physical, mechanical, morphological, and structural properties, obtaining results for the optimal formulation of AP-GT and AT-GT of 17.71 ± 0.19% and 18.32 ± 0.10% (for moisture), 30.93 ± 1.73% and 23.42 ± 0.54% (for water solubility), 438.93 ± 13.68% and 344.70 ± 21.46% (for swelling degree), 96.42 ± 0.11 and 96.38 ± 0.11 (for L*), 0.22 ± 0.01 and 0.21 ± 0.01 (for a*), 2.83 ± 0. 03 and 2.85 ± 0.03 (for b*), 0.70 ± 0.07 and 0.77 ± 0.07 (for ∆E*), 4.19 ± 0.05 and 4.23 ± 0.05 (for yellowness index), 95.43 ± 0.10 and 95.38 ± 0.10 (for whiteness index), 1.78 ± 0.06 A.mm-1 and 1.96 ± 0.13 A.mm-1 (for transparency), 5.02 ± 0.46 MPa and 10.65 ± 0.68 MPa (for FT), 15.38 ± 1.12% and 11.52 ± 0.68% (for AR), 7.26 ± 0.38 x10-11 gm-1s-1 Pa-1 and 6.14 ± 0.64 x10-11 gm-1s-1 Pa-1 (for PVA) and 59.31 ± 2.84% and 69.07 ± 2.32% (composting disintegration at five days), respectively. FTIR spectra showed in the optimum films a broad band characteristic of the polymeric O-H group at 3000-3600 cm-1. SEM micrographs of the surface and cross-sectional morphology showed a slightly rough surface without any cracks or pores and a homogeneous and continuous phase, suggesting good compatibility and film-forming ability between these biopolymers. In conclusion, the obtained results confirmed that the optimal AP-GT and AT-GT films exhibit appropriate physicochemical properties along with strong mechanical and water vapor barrier properties, which points to their potential use as a biodegradable packaging material for food preservation.
The objective of this research work was to elaborate and characterize biodegradable films based on potato starch (AP) or tunta starch (AT) of the native variety Ocucuri negra and tara gum (GT). Tunta is a dehydrated product obtained from potato tubers through a traditional and artisanal process based on natural freeze-drying. A simplex mixture design was performed using film forming solution (SFP) in a starch: tara gum ratio of 100:0, 97.5:2.5, 95:5, 92.5:7.5 and 90:10 (4 g biopolymers/100 g SFP) and glycerol as plasticizer. To determine the predictive models for the three response variables evaluated: tensile strength (FT), elongation at break (AR) and water vapor permeability (PVA), a multiple regression analysis was performed where it was observed that tara gum had a positive effect on the FT and PVA of the AT-GT blend films; and on the AR of the AP-GT blend. To determine the optimal formulation, a simultaneous optimization based on the three previously described response variables was conducted, aiming to maximize the tensile strength (FT), maintain an acceptable range for the elongation at break (AR), and minimize the water vapor permeability (PVA) Based on these conditions for the response variables, the optimum formulation for the AP-GT mixture was the ratio 100:0 and for the AT-GT mixture, it was 90:10. Subsequently, the optimal formulations were characterized based on their physical, mechanical, morphological, and structural properties, obtaining results for the optimal formulation of AP-GT and AT-GT of 17.71 ± 0.19% and 18.32 ± 0.10% (for moisture), 30.93 ± 1.73% and 23.42 ± 0.54% (for water solubility), 438.93 ± 13.68% and 344.70 ± 21.46% (for swelling degree), 96.42 ± 0.11 and 96.38 ± 0.11 (for L*), 0.22 ± 0.01 and 0.21 ± 0.01 (for a*), 2.83 ± 0. 03 and 2.85 ± 0.03 (for b*), 0.70 ± 0.07 and 0.77 ± 0.07 (for ∆E*), 4.19 ± 0.05 and 4.23 ± 0.05 (for yellowness index), 95.43 ± 0.10 and 95.38 ± 0.10 (for whiteness index), 1.78 ± 0.06 A.mm-1 and 1.96 ± 0.13 A.mm-1 (for transparency), 5.02 ± 0.46 MPa and 10.65 ± 0.68 MPa (for FT), 15.38 ± 1.12% and 11.52 ± 0.68% (for AR), 7.26 ± 0.38 x10-11 gm-1s-1 Pa-1 and 6.14 ± 0.64 x10-11 gm-1s-1 Pa-1 (for PVA) and 59.31 ± 2.84% and 69.07 ± 2.32% (composting disintegration at five days), respectively. FTIR spectra showed in the optimum films a broad band characteristic of the polymeric O-H group at 3000-3600 cm-1. SEM micrographs of the surface and cross-sectional morphology showed a slightly rough surface without any cracks or pores and a homogeneous and continuous phase, suggesting good compatibility and film-forming ability between these biopolymers. In conclusion, the obtained results confirmed that the optimal AP-GT and AT-GT films exhibit appropriate physicochemical properties along with strong mechanical and water vapor barrier properties, which points to their potential use as a biodegradable packaging material for food preservation.
Description
Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Facultad de Industrias Alimentarias.
Departamento Académico de Ingeniería de Alimentos y Productos Agropecuarios
Keywords
Películas biodegradables
Citation
Date
2025
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