Capacidad de almacenamiento de carbono en humedales andinos ubicados al sur de la Reserva Nacional de Junín, año 2022
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Authors
Campos García, Rogelio Humberto
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Abstract
La Reserva Nacional de Junín (RNJ), ubicada a 4100 m.s.n.m. en las regiones de Junín y Pasco, Perú, fue establecida en 1974 y reconocida como sitio Ramsar en 1997. Esta reserva alberga valiosos humedales altoandinos, fundamentales por los diversos servicios ecosistémicos que ofrecen, destacando su capacidad para almacenar carbono en el suelo. En la presente investigación se evaluó la relación que existe entre la capacidad de almacenamiento de carbono con la profundidad y parámetros fisicoquímicos del suelo, describiendo el efecto de los tipos de formaciones vegetales, las actividades antrópicas y la estacionalidad en la zona. Finalmente, se generaron escenarios futuros del carbono almacenado teniendo en cuenta la gestión de riesgos en la RNJ. Para el trabajo de campo, se establecieron 6 parcelas cuadradas de 50m de lado: 3 para bofedales, 3 para césped de puna y 3 para pajonal. Se tomaron muestras de suelo en cinco puntos aleatorios por parcela, extrayendo muestras compuestas a 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm y 40 60 cm de profundidad utilizando un barreno tipo Edelman. En total, se obtuvieron 18 muestras compuestas por parcela (tres por tipo de profundidad) para la estación húmeda y otras 18 muestras para la estación seca. Las muestras se almacenaron y etiquetaron considerando la profundidad, tipo de formación vegetal y afectación antrópica. Posteriormente, las muestras fueron enviadas al Laboratorio de Análisis de Suelos, Plantas, Aguas y Fertilizantes de la UNALM. Allí, se llevaron a cabo los análisis fisicoquímicos necesarios. Los datos obtenidos de estos análisis permitieron calcular la capacidad de almacenamiento de carbono en el suelo de la Reserva Nacional de Junín. Mediante un Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP), los resultados del análisis de suelos permitieron reconocer que la capacidad de almacenamiento de carbono en los suelos está fuertemente influenciada por componentes iónicos y físico-químicos, explicando un 68.9% de la varianza. El catión calcio (Ca+2) se correlacionó directamente, mientras que el fósforo disuelto y el catión potasio (K+) lo hicieron inversamente al componente iónico. La conductividad eléctrica y el pH mostraron correlación directa, y la densidad aparente inversa al componente físico-químico. Asimismo, se observó una mayor capacidad de almacenamiento de carbono a 20 cm de profundidad (110.5 tC/ha en la estación húmeda, 143.5 tC/ha en la estación seca) que a 60 cm (79.5 t C /ha estación húmeda, 121.7 tC/ha estación seca), probablemente por la biomasa aérea y la que se encuentra bajo el suelo. Contrario a lo esperado, el almacenamiento de carbono fue mayor en la estación seca que en la estación húmeda, pudiendo ser influenciado por presencia del evento La Niña y las bajas temperaturas en estación seca. Asimismo, no se identificó alguna relación entre el almacenamiento de carbono y las actividades antrópicas, posiblemente por la alta exposición del área de estudio a sobrepastoreo y champeo. Por otro lado, los bofedales demostraron ser las formaciones vegetales con la mayor capacidad de almacenamiento de carbono, lo que subraya su crucial importancia en los ecosistemas altoandinos. Los escenarios actual y futuro resaltan la vulnerabilidad de los humedales de la RNJ ante estresores antropogénicos. Un impacto total de riesgos altos podría generar una pérdida de hasta el 61% del carbono en las formaciones vegetales conservadas (en la estación húmeda) y del 55% (en la estación seca). Al considerar dicho impacto en las formaciones vegetales conservadas e impactadas, se estima una reducción del 11% en estación húmeda y 7% en seca. Estas pérdidas significativas subrayan la urgencia de una gestión proactiva para mitigar impactos y preservar los servicios ecosistémicos de estos humedales.
The Junín National Reserve (RNJ), located at 4100 m.a.s.l. in the Junín and Pasco regions of Peru, was established in 1974 and recognized as a Ramsar site in 1997. This reserve is home to valuable high-Andean wetlands, which are fundamental for the various ecosystem services they provide, notably their capacity to store carbon in the soil. This research evaluated the relationship between carbon storage capacity with soil depth and physicochemical parameters, describing the effect of different types of vegetation formations, human activities, and seasonality in the area. Finally, future scenarios of stored carbon were generated, considering risk management in the RNJ. For the fieldwork, six square plots of 50m per side were established: three for bofedales (cushion peatlands), three for Puna grassland, and three for pajonal (high-altitude grass). Soil samples were taken at five random points per plot, with composite samples collected at depths of 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, and 40-60 cm using an Edelman auger. In total, 18 composite samples were obtained per plot (three for each depth type) for the wet season, and another 18 samples for the dry season. The samples were stored and labeled according to depth, type of vegetation, and human impact. Subsequently, the samples were sent to the Soil, Plant, Water, and Fertilizer Analysis Laboratory at UNALM, where the necessary physicochemical analyses were performed. There, the necessary physicochemical analyses were performed. The data from these analyses allowed for the calculation of the soil carbon storage capacity in the Junín National Reserve. Using a Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the results of the soil analysis showed that the soil's carbon storage capacity is strongly influenced by ionic and physicochemical components, explaining 68.9% of the variance. The calcium cation (Ca2+) was directly correlated, while dissolved phosphorus and the potassium cation (K+) were inversely correlated with the ionic component. Electrical conductivity and pH showed a direct correlation, and bulk density showed an inverse correlation with the physicochemical component. Likewise, a higher carbon storage capacity was observed at 20 cm deep (110.5 tC/ha in the wet season, 143.5 tC/ha in the dry season) than at 60 cm (79.5 tC/ha in the wet season, 121.7 tC/ha in the dry season), likely due to both above-ground and below-ground biomass. Contrary to expectations, carbon storage was higher during the dry season than in the wet season, which could be influenced by the presence of the La Niña event and low temperatures in the dry season. Likewise, no relationship was identified between carbon storage and human activities, possibly due to the study area's high exposure to overgrazing and sod cutting (champeo). On the other hand, bofedales (Andean peatlands) were shown to be the vegetation formations with the highest carbon storage capacity, which highlights their crucial importance in high-Andean ecosystems. The current and future scenarios highlight the vulnerability of the RNJ wetlands to anthropogenic stressors. A total impact of high risks could lead to a loss of up to 61% of the carbon in conserved vegetation formations (in the wet season) and 55% (in the dry season). When considering this impact on both conserved and impacted vegetation formations, a reduction of 11% is estimated in the wet season and 7% in the dry season. These significant losses underscore the urgency of proactive management to mitigate impacts and preserve the ecosystem services of these wetlands.
The Junín National Reserve (RNJ), located at 4100 m.a.s.l. in the Junín and Pasco regions of Peru, was established in 1974 and recognized as a Ramsar site in 1997. This reserve is home to valuable high-Andean wetlands, which are fundamental for the various ecosystem services they provide, notably their capacity to store carbon in the soil. This research evaluated the relationship between carbon storage capacity with soil depth and physicochemical parameters, describing the effect of different types of vegetation formations, human activities, and seasonality in the area. Finally, future scenarios of stored carbon were generated, considering risk management in the RNJ. For the fieldwork, six square plots of 50m per side were established: three for bofedales (cushion peatlands), three for Puna grassland, and three for pajonal (high-altitude grass). Soil samples were taken at five random points per plot, with composite samples collected at depths of 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, and 40-60 cm using an Edelman auger. In total, 18 composite samples were obtained per plot (three for each depth type) for the wet season, and another 18 samples for the dry season. The samples were stored and labeled according to depth, type of vegetation, and human impact. Subsequently, the samples were sent to the Soil, Plant, Water, and Fertilizer Analysis Laboratory at UNALM, where the necessary physicochemical analyses were performed. There, the necessary physicochemical analyses were performed. The data from these analyses allowed for the calculation of the soil carbon storage capacity in the Junín National Reserve. Using a Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the results of the soil analysis showed that the soil's carbon storage capacity is strongly influenced by ionic and physicochemical components, explaining 68.9% of the variance. The calcium cation (Ca2+) was directly correlated, while dissolved phosphorus and the potassium cation (K+) were inversely correlated with the ionic component. Electrical conductivity and pH showed a direct correlation, and bulk density showed an inverse correlation with the physicochemical component. Likewise, a higher carbon storage capacity was observed at 20 cm deep (110.5 tC/ha in the wet season, 143.5 tC/ha in the dry season) than at 60 cm (79.5 tC/ha in the wet season, 121.7 tC/ha in the dry season), likely due to both above-ground and below-ground biomass. Contrary to expectations, carbon storage was higher during the dry season than in the wet season, which could be influenced by the presence of the La Niña event and low temperatures in the dry season. Likewise, no relationship was identified between carbon storage and human activities, possibly due to the study area's high exposure to overgrazing and sod cutting (champeo). On the other hand, bofedales (Andean peatlands) were shown to be the vegetation formations with the highest carbon storage capacity, which highlights their crucial importance in high-Andean ecosystems. The current and future scenarios highlight the vulnerability of the RNJ wetlands to anthropogenic stressors. A total impact of high risks could lead to a loss of up to 61% of the carbon in conserved vegetation formations (in the wet season) and 55% (in the dry season). When considering this impact on both conserved and impacted vegetation formations, a reduction of 11% is estimated in the wet season and 7% in the dry season. These significant losses underscore the urgency of proactive management to mitigate impacts and preserve the ecosystem services of these wetlands.
Description
Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Facultad de Ciencias. Departamento
Académico de Ingeniería Ambiental, Física y Meteorología
Keywords
Humedales altoandinos
Citation
Date
2026
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