Modelo de decaimiento de cloro libre en la red de distribución de agua potable en la ciudad de Azogues, Ecuador
Authors
Garcia Avila, Fausto Fernando
Abstract
Las redes de distribución de agua potable (RDAP) deben mantener concentraciones mínimas de cloro (0,3mg/L) para asegurar la desinfección. Niveles elevados de cloro podrían ocasionar corrosión en las tuberías de cobre que son usadas a nivel domiciliario. Los modelos de decaimiento de cloro permiten predecir concentraciones del desinfectante y optimizar la dosificación del desinfectante en RDAP. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar un modelo de decaimiento de cloro residual en una RDAP usando EPANET y la relación del cloro libre en la corrosión. Para la modelación del cloro libre fue necesario elaborar un modelo hidráulico perfectamente calibrado y validado, así como determinar la constante de reacción del cloro con el agua kb, mediante el test de botella; mientras la constante de reacción con la pared del tubo kw fue calculada a partir de mediciones de campo. Para estimar la corrosión de las tuberías de cobre se utilizaron cupones extraíbles construidos con material de la misma tubería usada por la EMAPAL. Estos cupones fueron instalados en agua a diferentes concentraciones de cloro durante 30, 60, 90 y 180 días, luego de lo cual se determinó la tasa de corrosion por pérdida de peso. Las concentraciones de cloro residual simuladas por el modelo fueron muy cercanas a las concentraciones reales medidas en diferentes puntos de la RDAP. Los resultados demostraron que se puede lograr un mayor nivel de precisión usando coeficientes kb y kw calculados experimentalmente en cada RDAP en estudio. Se determinó que el cloro influye en la corrosión de tuberías de cobre. La simulación permitió determinar las concentraciones de cloro que debe mantenerse en el tanque de distribución, para mantener la mínima concentración en la RDAP de la ciudad de Azogues. Los modelos predicen la calidad del agua, pudiéndose usar como una herramienta de gestión para optimizar la calidad del servicio proporcionada por las empresas operadoras.
Drinking water distribution networks (WDN) must maintain minimum chlorine concentrations (0.3mg / L) to ensure disinfection. High levels of chlorine could cause corrosion in copper pipes that are used at the home level. Chlorine decay models allow to predict concentrations of the disinfectant and optimize the dosage of the disinfectant in WDN. The objective of this study was to evaluate a model of residual chlorine decay in a WDN using EPANET and the relation of free chlorine in corrosion. For the modeling of free chlorine it was necessary to elaborate a perfectly calibrated and validated hydraulic model, as well as to determine the reaction constant of chlorine with water kb, by means of the bottle test; while the reaction constant with the tube wall kw was calculated from field measurements. To estimate the corrosion of the copper pipes, extractable coupons constructed with material from the same pipeline used by EMAPAL were used. These coupons were installed in water at different concentrations of chlorine for 30, 60, 90 and 180 days, after which the corrosion rate for weight loss was determined. The residual chlorine concentrations simulated by the model were very close to the actual concentrations measured at different points of the WDN. The results showed that a higher level of precision can be achieved using kb and kw coefficients experimentally calculated in each WDN under study. It was determined that chlorine influences the corrosion of copper pipes. The simulation allowed to determine the chlorine concentrations that must be maintained in the distribution tank, in order to maintain the minimum concentration in the WDN of the Azogues city. The models predict water quality, and can be used as a management tool to optimize the quality of service provided by the operating companies.
Drinking water distribution networks (WDN) must maintain minimum chlorine concentrations (0.3mg / L) to ensure disinfection. High levels of chlorine could cause corrosion in copper pipes that are used at the home level. Chlorine decay models allow to predict concentrations of the disinfectant and optimize the dosage of the disinfectant in WDN. The objective of this study was to evaluate a model of residual chlorine decay in a WDN using EPANET and the relation of free chlorine in corrosion. For the modeling of free chlorine it was necessary to elaborate a perfectly calibrated and validated hydraulic model, as well as to determine the reaction constant of chlorine with water kb, by means of the bottle test; while the reaction constant with the tube wall kw was calculated from field measurements. To estimate the corrosion of the copper pipes, extractable coupons constructed with material from the same pipeline used by EMAPAL were used. These coupons were installed in water at different concentrations of chlorine for 30, 60, 90 and 180 days, after which the corrosion rate for weight loss was determined. The residual chlorine concentrations simulated by the model were very close to the actual concentrations measured at different points of the WDN. The results showed that a higher level of precision can be achieved using kb and kw coefficients experimentally calculated in each WDN under study. It was determined that chlorine influences the corrosion of copper pipes. The simulation allowed to determine the chlorine concentrations that must be maintained in the distribution tank, in order to maintain the minimum concentration in the WDN of the Azogues city. The models predict water quality, and can be used as a management tool to optimize the quality of service provided by the operating companies.
Description
Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Escuela de Posgrado. Doctorado en Ingeniería y Ciencias Ambientales
Keywords
Agua potable; Abastecimiento de agua; Calidad del agua; Reacciones químicas; Modelos de simulación; Métodos; Evaluación; Ecuador; Perú; Cloro libre; Azogues (canton)
Citation
Date
2019
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