Contribución del manejo agroecológico en familias campesinas y servicios ecosistémicos frente al cambio climático en la cuenca Mariño, Apurímac, Perú
Authors
Quispe Conde, Yésica
Abstract
La agricultura enfrenta muchos retos en un contexto de cambio climático, como los de mejorar la resiliencia de los sistemas de producción, de los medios de vida y de las cuenca, y reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. Una gestión adecuada de los agroecosistemas puede producir servicios ecosistémicos que contribuyan a estos múltiples objetivos. Durante décadas, organizaciones públicas y Organizaciones No Gubernamentales (ONGs) vienen promoviendo prácticas agroecológicas para mejorar los rendimientos, seguridad alimentaria y a la vez conservar recursos naturales y la biodiversidad. El enfoque agroecológico se basa en la aplicación de diferentes prácticas, como la integración de cultivos con crianzas, la diversificación, asociación y rotación de cultivos, el reciclaje de restos de cosecha. Al respecto, faltan investigaciones científicas para analizar si estas prácticas agroecológicas pueden contribuir a enfrentar el cambio climático en el sector agrícola. Debido a esta brecha de conocimiento, el objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la contribución del manejo agroecológico a estrategias de vida de familias campesinas y servicios ecosistémicos para enfrentar el cambio climático. El estudio se realizó en la Comunidad Campesina de Llañucancha, ubicada en la cuenca Mariño, región Apurímac en Perú, en una población conformada por 50 familias (aproximadamente 250 habitantes). Para ello, se evaluaron tres principios: (i) seguridad alimentaria, (ii) adaptación al cambio climático y (iii) mitigación del cambio climático. Para cada principio se identificaron criterios e indicadores, haciendo un total siete criterios identificados y doce indicadores. Las evaluaciones se realizaron en dos niveles de aplicación de prácticas agroecológicas (básico y avanzado). Se aplicó entrevistas y encuestas semiestructurada para evaluar los indicadores vinculados a la seguridad alimentaria y a la adaptación al cambio climático. Por otro lado, se realizaron mediciones en campo para evaluar indicadores correspondientes a servicios ecosistémicos de regulación (regulación del agua, prevención de la erosión laminar y regulación del clima global mediante el secuestro de carbono). Los resultados muestran que el manejo agroecológico contribuye a garantizar la seguridad alimentaria y la generación continua de ingresos para las familias campesinas, especialmente en el nivel avanzado de las prácticas agroecológicas. Por otro lado, la diversificación es una práctica poderosa para hacer frente a la variabilidad del clima y hacer más resilientes a las familias. Las chacras con manejo agroecológico contribuyen a la retención de agua y la prevención de la erosión, que es crucial para la adaptación de la cuenca al cambio climático. También contribuyen a mitigar el cambio climático, almacenando entre 35 y 130 tC / ha en suelos, y entre 40.7 tC / ha y 52.2 tC / ha en biomasa aérea (bosques, cercas y árboles aislados).
Agriculture faces many challenges in a context of climate change, such as improving the resilience of production systems, livelihoods and watersheds, as well as reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Appropriate management of agroecosystems can contribute to these objectives through the production of multiple ecosystem services. For decades, public organizations and NGOs have been promoting agroecological management to improve yields, food security and at the same time conserve natural resources and biodiversity. This integrated approach relies on different practices, such as mixed farming (crops and –breeding), crop diversification and rotation, crop association, recycling of wastes. There is a lack of scientific research to analyze whether these agroecological practices can contribute to addressing climate change in the agricultural sector. Consequently the objectives of this study were to evaluate, in a context of climate change, the contribution of agroecological management to the livelihoods strategies of rural families and ecosystem services production. The study was conducted in the community of Llañucancha, located in the Mariño watershed Apurímac region in Peru. Population is of 50 families (approximately 250 inhabitants). Three principles were evaluated in the analysis: (i) food security, (ii) adaptation to climate change and (iii) mitigation of climate change. For each principle, criteria and indicators were identified. A total of seven criteria and twelve indicators were assessed. The evaluations were carried out for two levels of application of agroecological practices (basic and advanced). Semi-structured interviews and surveys were applied to evaluate the indicators linked to food security and adaptation to climate change. On the other hand, measurements were made in the field to evaluate indicators corresponding to regulating ecosystem services (regulation of water, prevention of laminar erosion and regulation of global climate through carbon sequestration). The results show that agroecological management contributes to guarantee food security and continuous income generation for rural families, especially at the advanced level of agroecological practices. On the other hand, diversification is a powerful practice to cope with climate variability and make families more resilient. Farms with agroecological management contribute to water retention and erosion prevention, which is crucial for the adaptation of the watershed to climate change. They also contribute to mitigate climate change, storing between 35 - 130 tC / ha in soils, and between 40.7 tC / ha and 52.2 tC / ha in aerial biomass (forests, fences and isolated trees).
Agriculture faces many challenges in a context of climate change, such as improving the resilience of production systems, livelihoods and watersheds, as well as reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Appropriate management of agroecosystems can contribute to these objectives through the production of multiple ecosystem services. For decades, public organizations and NGOs have been promoting agroecological management to improve yields, food security and at the same time conserve natural resources and biodiversity. This integrated approach relies on different practices, such as mixed farming (crops and –breeding), crop diversification and rotation, crop association, recycling of wastes. There is a lack of scientific research to analyze whether these agroecological practices can contribute to addressing climate change in the agricultural sector. Consequently the objectives of this study were to evaluate, in a context of climate change, the contribution of agroecological management to the livelihoods strategies of rural families and ecosystem services production. The study was conducted in the community of Llañucancha, located in the Mariño watershed Apurímac region in Peru. Population is of 50 families (approximately 250 inhabitants). Three principles were evaluated in the analysis: (i) food security, (ii) adaptation to climate change and (iii) mitigation of climate change. For each principle, criteria and indicators were identified. A total of seven criteria and twelve indicators were assessed. The evaluations were carried out for two levels of application of agroecological practices (basic and advanced). Semi-structured interviews and surveys were applied to evaluate the indicators linked to food security and adaptation to climate change. On the other hand, measurements were made in the field to evaluate indicators corresponding to regulating ecosystem services (regulation of water, prevention of laminar erosion and regulation of global climate through carbon sequestration). The results show that agroecological management contributes to guarantee food security and continuous income generation for rural families, especially at the advanced level of agroecological practices. On the other hand, diversification is a powerful practice to cope with climate variability and make families more resilient. Farms with agroecological management contribute to water retention and erosion prevention, which is crucial for the adaptation of the watershed to climate change. They also contribute to mitigate climate change, storing between 35 - 130 tC / ha in soils, and between 40.7 tC / ha and 52.2 tC / ha in aerial biomass (forests, fences and isolated trees).
Description
Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Escuela de Posgrado. Maestría en Agricultura Sustentable
Keywords
Agricultura sostenible; Familias; Servicios ecosistémicos; Economía campesina; Ingresos económicos; Cambio climático; Población rural; Pobreza; Economía agrícola; Entorno socioeconómico
Citation
Date
2019
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