Elaboracion de empaques alimentarios biodegradables, utilizando extracto de cáscara de cacao (Theobroma cacao) y nanocompositos de Ag – celulosa
Cargando...
Código QR
Autores
Tellez Monzón, Lena Asunción
Correo de contacto
Resumen
La crisis mundial de contaminación por plásticos demanda urgentemente el desarrollo de materiales sostenibles para el empaquetado de alimentos. Este estudio presenta una película biodegradable con nanocompositos (BCN), elaborada con alcohol polivinílico (PVA), microfibrillas de celulosa (MFC) obtenidas de la harina de cáscara de mazorca de cacao (HCVC) y un nanocompuesto híbrido (N-comp) que une nanotubos de halloysita (HNT) y nanopartículas de plata (NpAg). Las NpAg se generaron por una síntesis verde, utilizando un extracto con abundante contenido de antioxidantes derivado de la harina de cáscara de almendra de cacao (HCAC) como agente reductor y estabilizador. La optimización de los parámetros de síntesis, con un pH 10.5, de 20 °C y 60 min, permitió obtener nanopartículas con un diámetro de 7.1 nm de forma esféricas, monodispersas y estabilidad coloidal. Las MFC obtenidas de la HCVC mediante un proceso químico mecánico, mostraron un diámetro de 392 nm y con un índice de cristalinidad del 70,2 %. La formulación óptima de la BCN se estableció en un 30 % de MFC, 1 % de HNT-NpAg y 60 % de PVA. Esta combinación exhibió un rendimiento mecánico equilibrado, como lo demuestra un módulo de Young de 24.002 MPa. La BCN demostró una actividad antimicrobiana efectiva a través del contacto superficial, mostrando una inhibición total del crecimiento de Staphylococcus aureus y Salmonella spp., con halos de 2.13 y 2.03 mm respectivamente. Este efecto se atribuye a la liberación controlada de iones Ag⁺ desde las NpAg que están ancladas a los HNT. Esta interacción otorga al material una acción bactericida por contacto directo, lo que respalda su potencial como empaque activo biodegradable. Las pruebas de migración del empaque biodegradable (EB) elaborado con la BCN revelaron un nivel de migración de plata de 8.083 μg/kg, lo que equivale a solo el 16.17% del límite seguro establecido por la Autoridad Europea de Seguridad Alimentaria (EFSA). Estos resultados confirman que el material EB presenta una adecuada compatibilidad para su uso en contacto con alimentos, cumpliendo con la normativa de seguridad aplicable. Además, el material mostró una biodegradabilidad aeróbica intrínseca del 27% durante 50 días. La sinergia entre las propiedades del material desarrollado, que incluyen actividad antimicrobiana, características mecánicas adecuadas y baja migración metálica, apunta a la BCN como una alternativa sostenible que permite valorizar residuos del cacao. Este enfoque permite la producción de empaques activos y biodegradables con alto valor añadido. Los resultados evidencian la viabilidad técnica para la elaboración de un material de envasado activo y biodegradable a partir de residuos de cacao, cumpliendo con los estándares de seguridad establecidos. Para determinar el verdadero potencial industrial y la competitividad, es imprescindible llevar a cabo estudios adicionales de mayor envergadura.
The global plastic pollution crisis urgently demands the development of sustainable materials for food packaging. Thisstudy presents a biodegradable film with nanocomposites (BCN), madewith polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), cellulose microfibrils (MFC) obtained fromcocoa husk flour (HCVC), and a hybrid nanocomposite(N-comp) that combines halloysite nanotubes (HNT) and silver nanoparticles(NpAg). The NpAg were generated by a green synthesis, using an extractrich in antioxidants derived from cocoa shell flour(HCAC) as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The optimizationof the synthesis parameters, with a pH of 10.5, 20 °C, and 60 min, allowed us to obtainnanoparticles with a diameter of 7.1 nm that were spherical, monodisperse, andcolloidally stable. The MFCs obtained from HCVC through a chemical-mechanical process showed a diameter of 392 nm and a crystallinity index of 70.2%. The optimal BCN formulation was established at 30% MFC, 1% HNT-NpAg, and 60% PVA. This combination exhibited balanced mechanical performance, as evidenced by a Young's modulus of 24.002 MPa. BCN demonstrated effective antimicrobial activity through surface contact, exhibiting a minimum MIC of 100 μg/mL against 10 different microorganisms. The BCN-HNT-NpAg composite exhibited effective antimicrobial activity through surface contact, exhibiting a minimum MIC of 100 μg/mL against 10 different microorganisms. The BCN-HNT-NpAg composite exhibited effective antimicrobial activity through surface contact, exhibiting a minimum MIC of 100 μg/mL against 10 different microorganisms. The BCN-HNT-NpAg composite exhibited effective antimicrobial activity through surface contact, exhibiting a minimum MIC of 100 μg/mL against 10 different microorganisms. The BCN-HNT-NpAg composite exhibited effective antimicrobial activity through surface contact, exhibiting a minimum MIC of 100 μg/mL against 10 different microorganisms. The BCN-HNT-NpAg composite exhibited effective antimicrobial activity through surface contact, This combination exhibited balanced mechanical performance, as evidenced by a Young's modulus of24.002 MPa. The BCN demonstrated effective antimicrobial activity throughsurface contact, showing total growth inhibition of Staphylococcusaureus and Salmonella spp., with halos of 2.13 and 2.03 mm, respectively. Thiseffect is attributed to the controlled release of Ag⁺ ions from the NpAg thatare anchored to the HNT. This interaction gives the material abactericidal action by direct contact, supporting its potential as anactive biodegradable packaging. Migration tests of the biodegradable packaging (EB)made with BCN revealed a silver migration level of 8.083 μg/kg,which is equivalent to only 16.17% of the safe limit established by the EuropeanFood Safety Authority (EFSA). These results confirm that theEB material is suitable for use in contact with food, complying with applicable safety regulations. In addition, the materialshowed an intrinsic aerobic biodegradability of 27% over 50 days. Thesynergy between the properties of the developed material, which includeantimicrobial activity, adequate mechanical characteristics, and low metal migration, points to BCN as a sustainable alternative that allows for the recovery ofcocoa waste. This approach enables the production of active andbiodegradable packaging with high added value. The results demonstrate the technical feasibilityof producing active and biodegradable packaging material fromcocoa waste, in compliance with established safety standards. To determine the true industrial potential and competitiveness, it is essential to carry out additional studies on a larger scale.
The global plastic pollution crisis urgently demands the development of sustainable materials for food packaging. Thisstudy presents a biodegradable film with nanocomposites (BCN), madewith polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), cellulose microfibrils (MFC) obtained fromcocoa husk flour (HCVC), and a hybrid nanocomposite(N-comp) that combines halloysite nanotubes (HNT) and silver nanoparticles(NpAg). The NpAg were generated by a green synthesis, using an extractrich in antioxidants derived from cocoa shell flour(HCAC) as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The optimizationof the synthesis parameters, with a pH of 10.5, 20 °C, and 60 min, allowed us to obtainnanoparticles with a diameter of 7.1 nm that were spherical, monodisperse, andcolloidally stable. The MFCs obtained from HCVC through a chemical-mechanical process showed a diameter of 392 nm and a crystallinity index of 70.2%. The optimal BCN formulation was established at 30% MFC, 1% HNT-NpAg, and 60% PVA. This combination exhibited balanced mechanical performance, as evidenced by a Young's modulus of 24.002 MPa. BCN demonstrated effective antimicrobial activity through surface contact, exhibiting a minimum MIC of 100 μg/mL against 10 different microorganisms. The BCN-HNT-NpAg composite exhibited effective antimicrobial activity through surface contact, exhibiting a minimum MIC of 100 μg/mL against 10 different microorganisms. The BCN-HNT-NpAg composite exhibited effective antimicrobial activity through surface contact, exhibiting a minimum MIC of 100 μg/mL against 10 different microorganisms. The BCN-HNT-NpAg composite exhibited effective antimicrobial activity through surface contact, exhibiting a minimum MIC of 100 μg/mL against 10 different microorganisms. The BCN-HNT-NpAg composite exhibited effective antimicrobial activity through surface contact, exhibiting a minimum MIC of 100 μg/mL against 10 different microorganisms. The BCN-HNT-NpAg composite exhibited effective antimicrobial activity through surface contact, This combination exhibited balanced mechanical performance, as evidenced by a Young's modulus of24.002 MPa. The BCN demonstrated effective antimicrobial activity throughsurface contact, showing total growth inhibition of Staphylococcusaureus and Salmonella spp., with halos of 2.13 and 2.03 mm, respectively. Thiseffect is attributed to the controlled release of Ag⁺ ions from the NpAg thatare anchored to the HNT. This interaction gives the material abactericidal action by direct contact, supporting its potential as anactive biodegradable packaging. Migration tests of the biodegradable packaging (EB)made with BCN revealed a silver migration level of 8.083 μg/kg,which is equivalent to only 16.17% of the safe limit established by the EuropeanFood Safety Authority (EFSA). These results confirm that theEB material is suitable for use in contact with food, complying with applicable safety regulations. In addition, the materialshowed an intrinsic aerobic biodegradability of 27% over 50 days. Thesynergy between the properties of the developed material, which includeantimicrobial activity, adequate mechanical characteristics, and low metal migration, points to BCN as a sustainable alternative that allows for the recovery ofcocoa waste. This approach enables the production of active andbiodegradable packaging with high added value. The results demonstrate the technical feasibilityof producing active and biodegradable packaging material fromcocoa waste, in compliance with established safety standards. To determine the true industrial potential and competitiveness, it is essential to carry out additional studies on a larger scale.
Descripción
Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Escuela de Posgrado. Doctorado en
Ingeniería y Ciencias Ambientales
Palabras clave
Subproductos del cacao
Citación
Fecha
2025
Colecciones
Seleccionar año de consulta:
Licencia de uso

Excepto si se señala otra cosa, la licencia del ítem se describe como info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

