Modelamiento y determinación del tiempo de secado solar de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) peruano CES-01, VRAE-15 y VRAE-99
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Authors
Castañeda Muente, Oscar Jesús
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Abstract
La Amazonía peruana, centro de origen y diversidad genética del cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), alberga regiones como San Martín y Huánuco, donde factores ambientales y prácticas agrícolas inciden en la calidad del grano. En este contexto, la fermentación y el secado son etapas críticas, ya que determinan el perfil sensorial del cacao y chocolate. El objetivo general del presente trabajo fue modelar y determinar el tiempo de secado solar de cacao para los ecotipos CES-01, VRAE-15 y VRAE-99, considerando además la caracterización física y fisicoquímica de los granos antes y después al secado, la evaluación de la cinética de secado y el ajuste de dieciséis modelos de cinética. Los resultados evidenciaron diferencias entre ecotipos. En los granos fermentados, VRAE 99 presentó la mayor longitud (25,10 mm) y contenido de carbohidratos (27,93 %); VRAE 15 destacó por su mayor contenido de grasa (57,86 %) y proteínas; mientras que CES-01 mostró la mayor luminosidad y contenido de humedad (55,01 %). En cuanto al tiempo mínimo de secado, CES-01 requirió el mayor tiempo efectivo (29,0 h), seguido de VRAE 99 (27,0 h) y VRAE-15 (25,0 h). Respecto a los modelos evaluados, el de Midilli et al. presentó el mejor ajuste presentó el mejor ajuste, con valores de R², RMSE y χ² reducido de 0,9995; 0,0062; y 0,0010 para CES-01; 0,9949; 0,0226; y 0,0042 para VRAE-15; y 0,9987; 0,0109; y 0,0016 para VRAE-99, respectivamente, reportando tiempos de secado próximos a los experimentales. La difusividad efectiva promedio de los granos fue de 2,1 × 10⁻⁹ m²/s para CES-01, 6,8 × 10⁻⁹ m²/s para VRAE-15 y 8,5 × 10⁻⁹ m²/s para VRAE-99. En los granos fermentados y secos, VRAE-99 presentó la mayor actividad de agua (0,67), CES-01 el mayor índice de fermentación (96 %) y VRAE-15 el mayor espesor (9,26 mm) junto con la menor acidez titulable (1,25 g ácido acético/100 g). Estos hallazgos contribuyen al conocimiento y aprovechamiento de ecotipos nativos de cacao con potencial productivo, tanto por sus características físicas y fisicoquímicas como por los datos generados sobre el secado solar. En conjunto, estos resultados permiten optimizar la operación unitaria de secado y reducir los tiempos requeridos para obtener granos de calidad.
The Peruvian Amazon, recognized as a center of origin and genetic diversity of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), encompasses regions such as San Martín and Huánuco, where environmental factors and agricultural practices influence bean quality. In this context, fermentation and drying are critical stages, as they determine the sensory profile of cacao and chocolate. The main objective of this study was to model and determine the solar drying time of cacao for the ecotypes CES-01, VRAE-15, and VRAE-99, also considering the physical and physicochemical characterization of the beans before and after drying, the evaluation of drying kinetics, and the fitting of sixteen semi kinetic models. The results revealed differences among ecotypes. In fermented beans, VRAE-99 showed the greatest length (25.10 mm) and carbohydrate content (27.93%); VRAE-15 stood out for its higher fat (57.86%) and protein contents; while CES-01 exhibited the highest luminosity and moisture content (55.01%). Regarding minimum drying time, CES-01 required the longest effective duration (29.0 h), followed by VRAE-99 (27.0 h) and VRAE-15 (25.0 h). Among the evaluated models, the Midilli et al. model showed the best fit, with R², RMSE, and reduced χ² values of 0.9995, 0.0062, and 0.0010 for CES-01; 0.9949, 0.0226, and 0.0042 for VRAE-15; and 0.9987, 0.0109, and 0.0016 for VRAE-99, respectively, reporting drying times close to the experimental data. The average effective diffusivity of the beans was 2.1 × 10⁻⁹ m²/s for CES-01, 6.8 × 10⁻⁹ m²/s for VRAE-15, and 8.5 × 10⁻⁹ m²/s for VRAE-99. In fermented and dried beans, VRAE-99 presented the highest water activity (0.67), CES-01 the highest fermentation index (96%), and VRAE-15 the greatest thickness (9.26 mm) along with the lowest titratable acidity (1.25 g acetic acid/100 g). These findings contribute to the knowledge and valorization of native cacao ecotypes with productive potential, not only due to their physical and physicochemical characteristics but also through the data generated on solar drying. Overall, the results support the optimization of the drying unit operation and the reduction of the time required to obtain high-quality beans.
The Peruvian Amazon, recognized as a center of origin and genetic diversity of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), encompasses regions such as San Martín and Huánuco, where environmental factors and agricultural practices influence bean quality. In this context, fermentation and drying are critical stages, as they determine the sensory profile of cacao and chocolate. The main objective of this study was to model and determine the solar drying time of cacao for the ecotypes CES-01, VRAE-15, and VRAE-99, also considering the physical and physicochemical characterization of the beans before and after drying, the evaluation of drying kinetics, and the fitting of sixteen semi kinetic models. The results revealed differences among ecotypes. In fermented beans, VRAE-99 showed the greatest length (25.10 mm) and carbohydrate content (27.93%); VRAE-15 stood out for its higher fat (57.86%) and protein contents; while CES-01 exhibited the highest luminosity and moisture content (55.01%). Regarding minimum drying time, CES-01 required the longest effective duration (29.0 h), followed by VRAE-99 (27.0 h) and VRAE-15 (25.0 h). Among the evaluated models, the Midilli et al. model showed the best fit, with R², RMSE, and reduced χ² values of 0.9995, 0.0062, and 0.0010 for CES-01; 0.9949, 0.0226, and 0.0042 for VRAE-15; and 0.9987, 0.0109, and 0.0016 for VRAE-99, respectively, reporting drying times close to the experimental data. The average effective diffusivity of the beans was 2.1 × 10⁻⁹ m²/s for CES-01, 6.8 × 10⁻⁹ m²/s for VRAE-15, and 8.5 × 10⁻⁹ m²/s for VRAE-99. In fermented and dried beans, VRAE-99 presented the highest water activity (0.67), CES-01 the highest fermentation index (96%), and VRAE-15 the greatest thickness (9.26 mm) along with the lowest titratable acidity (1.25 g acetic acid/100 g). These findings contribute to the knowledge and valorization of native cacao ecotypes with productive potential, not only due to their physical and physicochemical characteristics but also through the data generated on solar drying. Overall, the results support the optimization of the drying unit operation and the reduction of the time required to obtain high-quality beans.
Description
Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Escuela de Posgrado. Maestría en
Tecnología de Alimentos
Keywords
Cacao
Citation
Date
2025
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