Cuantificación del metano entérico de alpacas y ovinos en pastos naturales altoandinos y huella de carbono de la producción alpaquera
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Authors
Gómez Oquendo, Giovanna Janet
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Abstract
Las alpacas y ovinos presentan diferencias en su anatomía y fisiología digestiva, siendo las
primeras mas eficientes en el aprovechamiento de los nutrientes provenientes de pastos de
pobre calidad nutricional. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue comparar la
producción de metano entérico entre alpacas y ovinos bajo un sistema extensivo de crianza,
y estimar la huella de carbono de la producción alpaquera. Las emisiones de metano (CH4)
entérico de ocho alpacas de raza huacaya y ocho ovinos criollos machos alimentados con
pastos naturales altoandinos fueron medidas y comparadas durante la época seca, utilizando
la técnica del gas trazador hexafluoruro de azufre. Se estimó la digestibilidad de la materia
orgánica (DMO) utilizando ecuaciones de predicción. Así mismo, se determinó el contenido
de fibra detergente neutra (FDN), proteína cruda (PC), y ceniza (Cz) de la dieta de alpacas y
ovinos. Los resultados mostraron diferencias estadísticas (P <0.05) en la cantidad de FDN
de la dieta y DMO, obteniéndose en ambos casos mayores niveles en alpacas. Sin embargo,
no se encontraron diferencias estadísticas (P> 0.05) en la emisión de CH4 en g/día (21.8 v
22.7g), g/día kg PV⁰⁷⁵ (1.4 v 1.8g), g/kg IMS (25.9 v 21.8g) y g/kg IMO (28.4 v 23.9) entre
alpacas y ovinos. Estos resultados sugieren en condiciones ambientales donde la
disponibilidad de recursos es baja, las emisiones de metano de las alpacas son similares al
de los ovinos. Utilizando el factor de emisión de CH4 obtenido en la primera parte de la
presente investigación, así como otros datos provenientes de una unidad alpaquera evaluada
se calculó la huella de carbono (HC) de un kg de peso vivo (PV) de alpaca. Para lo cual se
utilizó la metodología de análisis de ciclo de vida (ACV) y se siguió los lineamientos ISO
14040. La HC estimada en el sistema alpaquero con un porcentaje de saca de 20 por ciento
utilizando asignación económica y asignación por masa fue de 24.0 y 29.5 kg de CO2-eq/kg
de PV respectivamente, y según asignación biofísica fue de 22.6 y Kg CO2-eq/kg carne. Así
mismo, también se determinó la HC por unidad de superficie obteniendo 88.6 kg de CO2-
eq/ha. De igual manera, se determinó mediante la asignación biofísica la HC con diferentes
porcentaje de saca (10, 15, 20, 25, 30 por ciento), observándose que a medida que el
porcentaje de saca aumenta, la HC de la fibra y la HC de carne de alpaca disminuye. Por
otro lado, se determinó también que el componente de mayor valor que conforma la HC en
una producción alpaquera procede de las emisiones de CH4 proveniente de la fermentación
entérica (66.9 por ciento).
Alpacas and sheep present differences in their digestive anatomy and physiology, in addition, alpacas are more efficient using nutrients from pastures of poor nutritional quality. The main of this research was to compare enteric methane emissions between alpacas and sheep under an extensive rearing system and to estimate the carbon footprint of alpaca production. The enteric methane (CH4) emission of eight male huacaya breed alpacas and eight male creole sheep fed with natural high Andean pastures were measured and compared during dry season, using the sulfur hexafluoride tracer gas technique. The digestibility of organic matter (DOM) was estimated using prediction equations. Likewise, the content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude protein (CP), and ash (A) of alpacas and sheep diet was determined. The results show statistical differences (P <0.05) in the amount of NDF in diet and DOM, obtaining in both cases higher levels in alpacas. However, no statistical differences (P> 0.05) were found in the parameters: production of CH4 in g / day (21.8 v 22.7g), production of CH4 in g / day kg LW⁰⁷⁵ (1.4 v 1.8g), production of CH4 in g / kg DMI (25.9 v 21.8g) and g/kg OMI (28.4 v 23.9) between alpacas and sheep. These results suggested that alpacas are more efficient at digesting fiber from food; however, under environmental conditions where resource availability is low, methane emissions are similar in alpacas and sheep. Using the emission factor of CH4 obtained in the first part of this research, as well as other data from the same alpaca herd evaluated, the carbon footprint (CF) of one kg of live weight (LW) was calculated. The life cycle analysis (LCA) methodology was used and the ISO 14040 guidelines were followed. The CF estimated in the alpaca system with a harvest percentage of 20 percent using the economic allocation and the allocation by mass was 24.0 and 29.5 kg of CO2-eq/kg of LW and for biophysical allocation was 22.6 kg of CO2-eq/kg of meat. Likewise, the CF per unit area was also determined, obtaining 88.6 kg of CO2-eq / ha. In the same way, the CH with different percent of extraction (10, 15, 20, 25, 30 percent) was determined by biophysical assignment, observing that as the percent of extraction increases, the CF of alpaca fiber and meet decreases. On the other hand, it was also determined that the component with the highest value that makes up the CF in alpaca production comes from methane emissions from enteric fermentation (66.9 percent).
Alpacas and sheep present differences in their digestive anatomy and physiology, in addition, alpacas are more efficient using nutrients from pastures of poor nutritional quality. The main of this research was to compare enteric methane emissions between alpacas and sheep under an extensive rearing system and to estimate the carbon footprint of alpaca production. The enteric methane (CH4) emission of eight male huacaya breed alpacas and eight male creole sheep fed with natural high Andean pastures were measured and compared during dry season, using the sulfur hexafluoride tracer gas technique. The digestibility of organic matter (DOM) was estimated using prediction equations. Likewise, the content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude protein (CP), and ash (A) of alpacas and sheep diet was determined. The results show statistical differences (P <0.05) in the amount of NDF in diet and DOM, obtaining in both cases higher levels in alpacas. However, no statistical differences (P> 0.05) were found in the parameters: production of CH4 in g / day (21.8 v 22.7g), production of CH4 in g / day kg LW⁰⁷⁵ (1.4 v 1.8g), production of CH4 in g / kg DMI (25.9 v 21.8g) and g/kg OMI (28.4 v 23.9) between alpacas and sheep. These results suggested that alpacas are more efficient at digesting fiber from food; however, under environmental conditions where resource availability is low, methane emissions are similar in alpacas and sheep. Using the emission factor of CH4 obtained in the first part of this research, as well as other data from the same alpaca herd evaluated, the carbon footprint (CF) of one kg of live weight (LW) was calculated. The life cycle analysis (LCA) methodology was used and the ISO 14040 guidelines were followed. The CF estimated in the alpaca system with a harvest percentage of 20 percent using the economic allocation and the allocation by mass was 24.0 and 29.5 kg of CO2-eq/kg of LW and for biophysical allocation was 22.6 kg of CO2-eq/kg of meat. Likewise, the CF per unit area was also determined, obtaining 88.6 kg of CO2-eq / ha. In the same way, the CH with different percent of extraction (10, 15, 20, 25, 30 percent) was determined by biophysical assignment, observing that as the percent of extraction increases, the CF of alpaca fiber and meet decreases. On the other hand, it was also determined that the component with the highest value that makes up the CF in alpaca production comes from methane emissions from enteric fermentation (66.9 percent).
Description
Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Escuela de Posgrado. Doctorado en Ciencia Animal
Keywords
alpaca
Citation
Date
2023
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