Caracterización y análisis técnico - económico de sistemas de producción de vacunos en Oxapampa, Perú
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Autores
Rodríguez Vargas, Anibal Raúl
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Resumen
El objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar el sistema de producción (extensivo y semi intensivo) y evaluar los parámetros reproductivos, productivos y aspectos económicos de una población de vacunos en los distritos de Oxapampa, Huancabamba y Chontabamba, en la selva alta de la provincia de Oxapampa, Perú. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y explicativo en base a datos obtenidas de 210 productores y 325 animales mediante muestreo aleatorio simple. La información se recolectó mediante entrevistas y el análisis de la información se realizó empleando SPSS IBM®, Infostat, RStudio y Excel. Se identificaron tres sistemas productivos utilizando análisis de componentes principales categóricos (ACPC) y clúster jerárquico (ACJ). (1) El semi intensivo (SSI, 4.77%) caracterizado por mayor producción lechera (8.43-11.51 L/vaca/día), manejo sanitario estructurado y conservación moderada de forraje (33.5%), aunque la baja escolaridad de los productores (58.8% solo con primaria) limita la adopción tecnológica. (2) El extensivo tradicional (SET, 17.14%) presenta baja producción lechera (3.13-7.93 L/vaca/día), escasez de forraje sin almacenamiento y deficiencias sanitarias, con alta mortalidad de terneros por neumonía (43.4%) y atención veterinaria familiar (42.2%). (3) El extensivo de doble propósito mejorado (SEDP, 78.09%) combina carne y leche con bajos volúmenes de ordeño (3.25 8.05 L/vaca/día), alimentación basada en pasto gordura (31.8%) sin almacenamiento y manejo sanitario familiar (58.9%), con mortalidad por carbunclo (24.0%). Además, la reposición es local (59.7%), mientras que el 87.6% de los productores integra ganadería y agricultura, y el 54.3% comercializa animales. El SSI mostró ventajas en manejo, adopción de tecnologías reproductivas, infraestructura, gestión de pastos y uso significativo de alimentos balanceados, registrando mejores parámetros reproductivos, como menor edad al primer parto, además de un intervalo parto-concepción reducido, menor número de servicios por concepción y mayor tasa de natalidad. Asimismo, presentó la mayor producción diaria de leche (9.32 L frente a 4.78 L en el SE), pesos superiores al nacimiento (38.08 kg) y destete (161.72 kg), con una lactancia de 192.79 días y una tasa de permanencia del 93.68%. Aunque el costo de producción por litro de leche fue menor en el sistema extensivo (SE) con (S/. 1.08S/. 1.15), el SSI generó mayores ingresos ($6,901.39 vs. $2,246.73 en el SE), y el análisis de rentabilidad confirmó su mayor eficiencia económica en la producción de leche y carne bajo las condiciones estudiadas.
The objective of this study was to characterize the production system (extensive and semi intensive) and evaluate the reproductive, productive, and economic parameters of a cattle population in the districts of Oxapampa, Huancabamba, and Chontabamba, in the highland rainforest of Oxapampa Province, Peru. A descriptive and explanatory analysis was conducted based on data obtained from 210 producers and 325 animals using simple random sampling. Information was collected through interviews, and data analysis was performed using SPSS IBM®, Infostat, RStudio, and Excel. Three production systems were identified using categorical principal component analysis (ACPC) and hierarchical clustering (ACJ). (1) Semi-intensive (SSI, 4.77%) characterized by higher milk production (8.43-11.51 L/cow/day), structured sanitary management and moderate forage conservation (33.5%), although the low level of education of producers (58.8% with primary education only) limits technological adoption. (2) Traditional extensive (SET, 17.14%) has low milk production (3.13-7.93 L/cow/day), shortage of forage without storage and sanitary deficiencies, with high calf mortality due to pneumonia (43.4%) and family veterinary care (42.2%). (3) The extensive improved dual-purpose (SEDP, 78.09%) combines meat and milk with low milking volumes (3.25-8.05 L/cow/day), feeding based on fat grass (31.8%) without storage and family health management (58.9%), with mortality due to anthrax (24.0%). In addition, replacement is local (59.7%), while 87.6% of producers integrate livestock and agriculture, and 54.3% market animals. The SSI showed advantages in management, adoption of reproductive technologies, infrastructure, pasture management and significant use of balanced feed, recording better reproductive parameters, such as lower age at first calving, in addition to a reduced calving-conception interval, lower number of services per conception and a higher birth rate. Likewise, it presented the highest daily milk production (9.32 L vs. 4.78 L in the SE), higher birth weights (38.08 kg) and weaning weights (161.72 kg), with a lactation period of 192.79 days and a permanence rate of 93.68%. Although the production cost per liter of milk was lower in the extensive system (SE) with (S/. 1.08S/. 1.15), the SSI generated higher income ($6,901.39 vs. $2,246.73 in the SE), and the profitability analysis confirmed its greater economic efficiency in the production of milk and meat under the conditions studied.
The objective of this study was to characterize the production system (extensive and semi intensive) and evaluate the reproductive, productive, and economic parameters of a cattle population in the districts of Oxapampa, Huancabamba, and Chontabamba, in the highland rainforest of Oxapampa Province, Peru. A descriptive and explanatory analysis was conducted based on data obtained from 210 producers and 325 animals using simple random sampling. Information was collected through interviews, and data analysis was performed using SPSS IBM®, Infostat, RStudio, and Excel. Three production systems were identified using categorical principal component analysis (ACPC) and hierarchical clustering (ACJ). (1) Semi-intensive (SSI, 4.77%) characterized by higher milk production (8.43-11.51 L/cow/day), structured sanitary management and moderate forage conservation (33.5%), although the low level of education of producers (58.8% with primary education only) limits technological adoption. (2) Traditional extensive (SET, 17.14%) has low milk production (3.13-7.93 L/cow/day), shortage of forage without storage and sanitary deficiencies, with high calf mortality due to pneumonia (43.4%) and family veterinary care (42.2%). (3) The extensive improved dual-purpose (SEDP, 78.09%) combines meat and milk with low milking volumes (3.25-8.05 L/cow/day), feeding based on fat grass (31.8%) without storage and family health management (58.9%), with mortality due to anthrax (24.0%). In addition, replacement is local (59.7%), while 87.6% of producers integrate livestock and agriculture, and 54.3% market animals. The SSI showed advantages in management, adoption of reproductive technologies, infrastructure, pasture management and significant use of balanced feed, recording better reproductive parameters, such as lower age at first calving, in addition to a reduced calving-conception interval, lower number of services per conception and a higher birth rate. Likewise, it presented the highest daily milk production (9.32 L vs. 4.78 L in the SE), higher birth weights (38.08 kg) and weaning weights (161.72 kg), with a lactation period of 192.79 days and a permanence rate of 93.68%. Although the production cost per liter of milk was lower in the extensive system (SE) with (S/. 1.08S/. 1.15), the SSI generated higher income ($6,901.39 vs. $2,246.73 in the SE), and the profitability analysis confirmed its greater economic efficiency in the production of milk and meat under the conditions studied.
Descripción
Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Escuela de Posgrado. Doctorado en Ciencia Animal
Palabras clave
Producción de vacunos
Citación
Fecha
2025
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