Determinación del tiempo de secado de granos de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) peruano CYP-99, CEA-15 y CEA-21 para su comercialización
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Authors
Tadeo Flores, John Dennis
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Abstract
El presente estudio se desarrolló entre junio y agosto de 2023 en los distritos de Pajarillo y Ledoy (San Martín), con el objetivo de evaluar la cinética de secado solar tradicional en granos de cacao fermentados de los ecotipos CYP-99, CEA-15 y CEA 21, determinando el tiempo mínimo requerido para alcanzar la humedad de comercialización (≤ 7.5 %). Se emplearon secadores al aire libre (SAL) y bajo techo (SBT), aplicando cuatro metodologías para estimar el tiempo mínimo y óptimo: el método tradicional, el de Variación No Significativa en la Cinética (VNSC), Modelamiento Matemático y Modelo Simplicado de Fick. Los resultados mostraron, para el método tradicional, tiempos de 42, 36 y 46 horas efectivas en los ecotipos CYP-99, CEA-15 y CEA-21, respectivamente. Mediante Variación No Significativa en la Cinética se redujeron los tiempos en 6, 4 y 6 horas; con el Modelo Simplificado de Fick en 3, 4 y 1 hora; y con el Modelo Matemático Ajustado en 4, 5 y 2 horas efectivas, respectivamente. Las curvas de secado presentaron únicamente la etapa de velocidad decreciente, identificándose y analizando los parámetros cinéticos a un nivel de significancia de p<0.05. Por lo tanto, no se evidenciaron valores de velocidad ni humedad crítica. Los valores de humedad de equilibrio del CYP-99 y CEA-15 fueron estadísticamente homogéneos y menores frente al CEA-21. Asimismo, la difusividad efectiva presentó diferencias significativas entre los ecotipos evaluados. Finalmente, se realizó la caracterización física, fisicoquímica y bromatológica de los granos fermentados y fermentado-seco, encontrándose diferencias significativas entre los tres ecotipos. En conclusión, fue posible determinar los tiempos mínimos de secado mediante la descripción de la cinética de secado, optimizando su proceso.
The present study was conducted between June and August 2023 in the districts of Pajarillo and Ledoy (San Martín), with the objective of evaluating the traditional solar drying kinetics of fermented cocoa beans from the CYP-99, CEA-15, and CEA-21 ecotypes, determining the minimum drying time required to reach the commercial moisture content (≤ 7.5%). Outdoor (SAL) and indoor (SBT) dryers were used, applying four methodologies to estimate the minimum and optimal drying times: the traditional method, the Non-Significant Variation in Kinetics (NSVK) method, Mathematical Modeling, and the Simplified Fick Model. The results showed, for the traditional method, effective drying times of 42, 36, and 46 hours for the CYP-99, CEA-15, and CEA-21 ecotypes, respectively. Using the NSVK method, the drying times were reduced by 6, 4, and 6 hours; with the Simplified Fick Model by 3, 4, and 1 hour; and with the Adjusted Mathematical Model by 4, 5, and 2 effective hours, respectively. The drying curves exhibited only the falling rate period, where kinetic parameters were identified and analyzed at a significance level of p<0.05. Therefore, no constant-rate or critical-moisture stages were observed. The equilibrium moisture values for CYP-99 and CEA-15 were statistically homogeneous and lower compared to CEA-21. Likewise, significant differences were found in the effective diffusivity among the evaluated ecotypes. Finally, the physical, physicochemical, and bromatological characterization of fermented and fermented-dried beans revealed significant differences among the three ecotypes. In conclusion, the minimum drying times were successfully determined through the description of drying kinetics, optimizing the drying process for each ecotype.
The present study was conducted between June and August 2023 in the districts of Pajarillo and Ledoy (San Martín), with the objective of evaluating the traditional solar drying kinetics of fermented cocoa beans from the CYP-99, CEA-15, and CEA-21 ecotypes, determining the minimum drying time required to reach the commercial moisture content (≤ 7.5%). Outdoor (SAL) and indoor (SBT) dryers were used, applying four methodologies to estimate the minimum and optimal drying times: the traditional method, the Non-Significant Variation in Kinetics (NSVK) method, Mathematical Modeling, and the Simplified Fick Model. The results showed, for the traditional method, effective drying times of 42, 36, and 46 hours for the CYP-99, CEA-15, and CEA-21 ecotypes, respectively. Using the NSVK method, the drying times were reduced by 6, 4, and 6 hours; with the Simplified Fick Model by 3, 4, and 1 hour; and with the Adjusted Mathematical Model by 4, 5, and 2 effective hours, respectively. The drying curves exhibited only the falling rate period, where kinetic parameters were identified and analyzed at a significance level of p<0.05. Therefore, no constant-rate or critical-moisture stages were observed. The equilibrium moisture values for CYP-99 and CEA-15 were statistically homogeneous and lower compared to CEA-21. Likewise, significant differences were found in the effective diffusivity among the evaluated ecotypes. Finally, the physical, physicochemical, and bromatological characterization of fermented and fermented-dried beans revealed significant differences among the three ecotypes. In conclusion, the minimum drying times were successfully determined through the description of drying kinetics, optimizing the drying process for each ecotype.
Description
Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Facultad de Industrias Alimentarias.
Departamento Académico de Ingeniería de Alimentos y Productos Agropecuarios
Keywords
Cinética de secado
Citation
Date
2026
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