Factibilidad económica y ambiental de la restauración ecológica en la provisión de servicios ecosistémicos bajo un enfoque de gestión territorial
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Authors
Eckhardt Rovalino, Karen Ilse
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Abstract
El estudio evalúa los beneficios económicos y ambientales de la restauración ecológica en bosques montanos de los Andes Centrales del Perú. Sus objetivos son: (1) analizar el valor económico de los servicios ecosistémicos en América Latina, (2) estimar el impacto en la fertilidad del suelo, captura de carbono y provisión de agua, y (3) evaluar los costos y beneficios de los modelos de la restauración productiva para orientar políticas de uso sostenible del territorio. En el marco del primer objetivo, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sistemática de 83 publicaciones, recopilando 151 valores económicos de servicios ecosistémicos de once países latinoamericanos. La mediana del valor económico fue de 74.2 US$/ha/año, el valor más alto para Perú se registra en 107.6 US$/ha/año. La metaregresión mostró que la heterogeneidad responde a los métodos de valoración, las condiciones socioeconómicas, y la percepción de los beneficios ecosistémicos. Para el segundo objetivo, se instalaron 61 parcelas en cuatro usos de suelo: Cultivos (C), Sistemas Agroforestales (AF), Bosque Montano en Regeneración (BMR) y Bosque Montano Conservado (BMC). El BMC presentó el mayor valor del carbono total, mientras que la recarga del acuífero fue más alta en AF. La fertilidad del suelo y el carbono aumentaron a lo largo de la trayectoria de restauración, con mayor incremento en la transición de C a SAF, aunque la regulación hídrica presentó un comportamiento no lineal. En relación con el tercer objetivo, el costo de oportunidad promedio fue de S/ 11,680.2 ha/año en actividades agropecuarias y de S/ 6,517.8 ha/año en sistemas agroforestales. El modelo agroforestal propuesto (café, pino tucumán, ulcumano y pacae) resultó el más rentable (VANS: S/ 554,680; TIR: 38%). Su implementación requiere fortalecer el marco normativo, asegurar la tenencia de la tierra, mejorar capacidades técnicas y promover mecanismos financieros que faciliten la inversión y mercados sostenibles.
The study assesses the economic and environmental benefits of ecological restoration in montane forests of the Central Andes of Peru. Its objectives are: (1) to analyze the economic value of ecosystem services in Latin America, (2) to estimate the impact of restoration on soil fertility, carbon sequestration, and water provision, and (3) to evaluate the costs and benefits of productive restoration models to inform sustainable land-use policies. Regarding the first objective, a systematic literature review of 83 publications was conducted, compiling 151 economic values of ecosystem services from eleven Latin American countries. The median economic value was US$ 74.2 ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, with the highest value reported for Peru (US$ 107.6 ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). The meta-regression analysis revealed that the heterogeneity among studies is explained by differences in valuation methods, regional and socioeconomic conditions, and public perception of ecosystem benefits. For the second objective, 61 plots were established across four land-use types: Crops (C), Agroforestry Systems (AF), Regenerating Montane Forest (BMR), and Conserved Montane Forest (BMC). The BMC exhibited the highest total carbon stocks, while aquifer recharge was greatest in AF. Soil fertility and carbon stocks increased along the restoration trajectory, with the largest gains observed in the transition from C to AF, although water regulation showed a non-linear response. Concerning the third objective, the average opportunity cost was S/ 11,680.2 ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for agricultural activities and S/ 6,517.8 ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for agroforestry systems. The proposed agroforestry model, comprising coffee, Pinus patula (Tucumán pine), Retrophyllum rospigliosii (ulcumano), and Inga feuillei (pacae), was the most profitable (NPV: S/ 554,680; IRR: 38%). Its implementation requires strengthening the regulatory framework, securing land tenure, enhancing technical capacities, and promoting financial mechanisms that support initial investments and sustainable markets.
The study assesses the economic and environmental benefits of ecological restoration in montane forests of the Central Andes of Peru. Its objectives are: (1) to analyze the economic value of ecosystem services in Latin America, (2) to estimate the impact of restoration on soil fertility, carbon sequestration, and water provision, and (3) to evaluate the costs and benefits of productive restoration models to inform sustainable land-use policies. Regarding the first objective, a systematic literature review of 83 publications was conducted, compiling 151 economic values of ecosystem services from eleven Latin American countries. The median economic value was US$ 74.2 ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, with the highest value reported for Peru (US$ 107.6 ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). The meta-regression analysis revealed that the heterogeneity among studies is explained by differences in valuation methods, regional and socioeconomic conditions, and public perception of ecosystem benefits. For the second objective, 61 plots were established across four land-use types: Crops (C), Agroforestry Systems (AF), Regenerating Montane Forest (BMR), and Conserved Montane Forest (BMC). The BMC exhibited the highest total carbon stocks, while aquifer recharge was greatest in AF. Soil fertility and carbon stocks increased along the restoration trajectory, with the largest gains observed in the transition from C to AF, although water regulation showed a non-linear response. Concerning the third objective, the average opportunity cost was S/ 11,680.2 ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for agricultural activities and S/ 6,517.8 ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for agroforestry systems. The proposed agroforestry model, comprising coffee, Pinus patula (Tucumán pine), Retrophyllum rospigliosii (ulcumano), and Inga feuillei (pacae), was the most profitable (NPV: S/ 554,680; IRR: 38%). Its implementation requires strengthening the regulatory framework, securing land tenure, enhancing technical capacities, and promoting financial mechanisms that support initial investments and sustainable markets.
Description
Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Escuela de Posgrado. Doctorado en
Economía de los Recursos Naturales y el Desarrollo Sustentable
Keywords
Restauración productiva
Citation
Date
2025
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