Diversidad genética de Trichoderma como agente biocontrolador de la moniliasis (Moniliophthora roreri) para la producción sostenible del cacao nativo
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Authors
Leiva Espinoza, Santos Triunfo
Abstract
El presente estudio tuvo como objetivos estudiar la diversidad de especies de Trichoderma presentes en el agroecosistema cacao de Amazonas, Perú, y su potencial como agente de biocontrol in-vitro e in-vivo sobre la moniliasis del cacao (Moniliophthora roreri), en adelante MC. Realizamos la identificación molecular y morfológica de 234 aislados de Trichoderma para posteriormente determinar su potencial de biocontrol in-vitro, sobre la MC y finalmente determinar el potencial de biocontrol en campo definitivo. En la identificación se incluyeron análisis de las secuencias ITS, tef1, rpb2 sometidas al protocolo de comparación de similitud por pares, respaldado mediante la identificación morfológica. Para la evaluación del biocontrol in-vitro, mediante un DCA, evaluamos el micoparasitismo, antibiosis y finalmente se calculó el antagonismo potencial como indicador de selección de candidatos al biocontrol eficiente de MC a nivel de campo, en donde evaluamos el efecto in-vivo de cuatro aislados, utilizando un diseño DBCA y variables epidemiológicas, rendimiento y eficacia del biocontrol. Se identificaron a diecinueve especies del género Trichoderma, cinco de las cuales son primer reporte para el Perú y cinco especies corresponderían a nuevas especies: además, se determinó que T. afroharzianum fue la especie más abundante. Por otro lado, los resultados observados para micoparasitismo y antibiosis contra M. roreri apoyan la existencia de una alta variabilidad intra e interespecífica en Trichoderma. Dieciocho especies tuvieron aislados con un alto potencial de antagonismo in vitro (más del 50 por ciento). Se demuestra que la evaluación in vitro del potencial de biocontrol de las cepas de Trichoderma, incluso dentro de la misma especie, es variable y debe evaluarse integrando los niveles de micoparasitismo y antibiosis, en forma de antagonismo potencial. Finalmente, las cuatro cepas de Trichoderma aplicadas en campo, obtuvieron valores superiores en la reducción de incidencia con impacto directo en el incremento del rendimiento. Las cepas CP24-6 y F14M3, con 27 por ciento y 38 por ciento, alcanzaron los menores niveles de incidencia de FPR; además de una eficiencia del 62 por ciento.
The present study aimed to study the diversity of Trichoderma species present in the cocoa agroecosystem of Amazonas, Peru, and its potential as an in vitro and in vivo biocontroller of frosty pod rot (Moniliophthora roreri), hereinafter referred to as CM. Molecular and morphological identification of 234 Trichoderma isolates was carried out to determine their in vitro biocontrol potential on MC and finally to determine their biocontrol potential in the final field. Molecular identification included analysis of ITS, tef1, rpb2 sequences subjected to the pairwise similarity comparison protocol, supported by morphological identification. For in-vitro biocontrol evaluation, using a DCA, we evaluated mycoparasitism, antibiosis and finally potential antagonism was calculated as an indicator for selection of candidates for efficient biocontrol of MC at field level, where we evaluated the in-vivo effect of four isolates, using a DBCA design and epidemiological variables, performance and biocontrol efficacy. Nineteen species of the genus Trichoderma were identified, five of which are first reported for Peru and five species correspond to new species: in addition, it was determined that T. afroharzianum was the most abundant species. On the other hand, the results observed for mycoparasitism and antibiosis against M. roreri support the existence of a high intra- and interspecific variability in Trichoderma. Eighteen species had isolates with high in vitro antagonism potential (more than 50 por ciento). It is shown that the in vitro evaluation of the biocontrol potential of Trichoderma strains, even within the same species, is variable and should be evaluated by integrating the levels of mycoparasitism and antibiosis, in the form of potential antagonism. Finally, the four Trichoderma strains applied in the field obtained superior values in incidence reduction with direct impact on yield increase. The strains CP24-6 and F14M3, with 27 por ciento and 38 por ciento, reached the lowest levels of FPR incidence; besides an efficiency of 62 por ciento.
The present study aimed to study the diversity of Trichoderma species present in the cocoa agroecosystem of Amazonas, Peru, and its potential as an in vitro and in vivo biocontroller of frosty pod rot (Moniliophthora roreri), hereinafter referred to as CM. Molecular and morphological identification of 234 Trichoderma isolates was carried out to determine their in vitro biocontrol potential on MC and finally to determine their biocontrol potential in the final field. Molecular identification included analysis of ITS, tef1, rpb2 sequences subjected to the pairwise similarity comparison protocol, supported by morphological identification. For in-vitro biocontrol evaluation, using a DCA, we evaluated mycoparasitism, antibiosis and finally potential antagonism was calculated as an indicator for selection of candidates for efficient biocontrol of MC at field level, where we evaluated the in-vivo effect of four isolates, using a DBCA design and epidemiological variables, performance and biocontrol efficacy. Nineteen species of the genus Trichoderma were identified, five of which are first reported for Peru and five species correspond to new species: in addition, it was determined that T. afroharzianum was the most abundant species. On the other hand, the results observed for mycoparasitism and antibiosis against M. roreri support the existence of a high intra- and interspecific variability in Trichoderma. Eighteen species had isolates with high in vitro antagonism potential (more than 50 por ciento). It is shown that the in vitro evaluation of the biocontrol potential of Trichoderma strains, even within the same species, is variable and should be evaluated by integrating the levels of mycoparasitism and antibiosis, in the form of potential antagonism. Finally, the four Trichoderma strains applied in the field obtained superior values in incidence reduction with direct impact on yield increase. The strains CP24-6 and F14M3, with 27 por ciento and 38 por ciento, reached the lowest levels of FPR incidence; besides an efficiency of 62 por ciento.
Description
Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Escuela de Posgrado. Doctorado en Agricultura Sustentable
Keywords
Cacao; Trichoderma; Enfermedades fungosas; Hongos; Inoculación; Moniliasis; Moniliophthora; Perú; Respuesta de la planta; Síntomas; Theobroma cacao
Citation
Date
2022
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