Variables a considerar para la instalación de un proyecto agrícola con énfasis en el cultivo del palto (Persea americana cv. Hass)
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Authors
Millones Rojas, Mario Manuel
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Abstract
La planificación de un proyecto agrícola se ve frecuentemente obstaculizada por la limitada información sobre los costos y las variables técnicas esenciales requeridas para la adecuada instalación y operación de cultivos permanentes, como el palto (Persea americana cv. Hass), lo que conduce a una potencial afectación de la rentabilidad y la sostenibilidad a largo plazo. En este contexto, el éxito y la viabilidad del proyecto demandan la evaluación exhaustiva de un conjunto de variables críticas inherentes al entorno, siendo los factores primordiales la fuente y la calidad del agua, las propiedades edáficas del suelo, y las condiciones climáticas. El objetivo principal del presente trabajo es ofrecer un marco de referencia metodológico basado en las operaciones de Agro Santa (Ancash), donde se abordó la caracterización hídrica, el acondicionamiento de suelos vírgenes mediante subsolado profundo a 80 cm y la reingeniería del sistema de riego hacia emisores de 1.0 L/h cada 0.25 m para optimizar el traslape en suelos arenosos. Los resultados técnicos destacan alcances productivos de 38 t/ha con el portainjerto Zutano y una ventaja comercial estratégica con el patrón Antillano debido a su precocidad fenológica. Asimismo, el estudio describe las variables económicas involucradas, identificando una inversión de capital intensiva de entre 14,000 y 16,000 US$/ha, y resalta la importancia de la planificación logística ante el incremento progresivo de costos de mano de obra y transporte. Se concluye que la integración adecuada de los factores fundamentales de agua, suelo y clima, junto a una toma de decisiones estratégicas en la selección del activo biológico y tecnología de riego, determina la rentabilidad esperada y la sostenibilidad del proyecto en un valle de costa.
The planning of an agricultural project is frequently hindered by limited information regarding costs and essential technical variables required for the proper installation and operation of permanent crops, such as the avocado (Persea americana cv. Hass). This lack of data can potentially affect long-term profitability and sustainability. In this context, the success and viability of a project demand an exhaustive evaluation of critical environmental variables, with the primary factors being water source and quality, soil edaphic properties, and climatic conditions. The main objective of this work is to provide a methodological reference framework based on the operations of Agro Santa (Ancash, Peru), where water characterization was addressed alongside the conditioning of virgin soils through deep subsoiling at 80 cm and the reengineering of the irrigation system towards 1.0 L/h emitters spaced at 0.25 m to optimize wetted bulb overlap in sandy soils. Technical results highlight production yields of up to 38 t/ha with the Zutano rootstock and a strategic commercial advantage with the West Indian (Antillano) pattern due to its phenological precocity. Furthermore, the study describes the economic variables involved, identifying an intensive capital investment ranging between 14,000 and 16,000 US$/ha, and emphasizes the importance of logistical planning in the face of progressively increasing labor and transportation costs. It is concluded that the proper integration of the fundamental factors of water, soil, and climate, together with strategic decision-making in the selection of biological assets and irrigation technology, determines the expected profitability and sustainability of the project in a coastal valley.
The planning of an agricultural project is frequently hindered by limited information regarding costs and essential technical variables required for the proper installation and operation of permanent crops, such as the avocado (Persea americana cv. Hass). This lack of data can potentially affect long-term profitability and sustainability. In this context, the success and viability of a project demand an exhaustive evaluation of critical environmental variables, with the primary factors being water source and quality, soil edaphic properties, and climatic conditions. The main objective of this work is to provide a methodological reference framework based on the operations of Agro Santa (Ancash, Peru), where water characterization was addressed alongside the conditioning of virgin soils through deep subsoiling at 80 cm and the reengineering of the irrigation system towards 1.0 L/h emitters spaced at 0.25 m to optimize wetted bulb overlap in sandy soils. Technical results highlight production yields of up to 38 t/ha with the Zutano rootstock and a strategic commercial advantage with the West Indian (Antillano) pattern due to its phenological precocity. Furthermore, the study describes the economic variables involved, identifying an intensive capital investment ranging between 14,000 and 16,000 US$/ha, and emphasizes the importance of logistical planning in the face of progressively increasing labor and transportation costs. It is concluded that the proper integration of the fundamental factors of water, soil, and climate, together with strategic decision-making in the selection of biological assets and irrigation technology, determines the expected profitability and sustainability of the project in a coastal valley.
Description
Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento
Académico de Horticultura
Keywords
Persea americana; Suelo; Clima; Riego; Fertilizacion; Nutrición vegetal; Manejo de cultivos
Citation
Date
2026
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