Valoración plural del agua en la subcuenca del río Vilcanota, cusco: propuesta para la gestión de los ecosistemas hídricos
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Authors
Mendoza Fuentes, Miguel Augusto
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Abstract
La política ambiental de Perú se ha visto sometida a los lineamientos del modelo neoliberal implantado desde los años 90. Estos han promovido el crecimiento económico, principalmente a través de actividades extractivas, como única alternativa de desarrollo. En la última década, la cuenca del río Vilcanota, en la región Cusco, ha mostrado una alta vulnerabilidad hídrica debido al cambio climático y a las presiones antrópicas del modelo económico. La legislación peruana en recursos hídricos reconoce tres tipos de valor para el agua (económico, ecológico y social); sin embargo, su autoridad ambiental solo establece mecanismos para calcular el valor monetario, así como el sostén de la gobernanza ambiental basado en el análisis costo-beneficio. El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue reconocer la pluralidad de valores del agua en la subcuenca del río Vilcanota para integrarlos a la gestión de la cuenca y promover la conservación de los ecosistemas, en el marco del ciclo hidrosocial. El valor económico se basó en un análisis de flujos monetarios asociados a la variación del PIB regional. Se encontró variaciones importantes ∆2014-2013 y ∆2017-2016 asociadas a afectaciones del régimen hidrológico, y un sector saneamiento en expansión por presión antrópica sin reconocer los límites ecológicos de los ecosistemas frágiles. El valor social se analizó a partir de los atributos señalados por actores locales de las comisiones de regantes, donde se identificó una mayor preferencia por los valores religioso e histórico del agua, que no son incorporados en los procesos de valoración. El valor ecológico se halló mediante la integración de los flujos hidrológicos y el metabolismo social encontrando un alto consumo del sector hogares (urbano: 265151,71 m3/h, rural: 163087,50 m3/h). La integración de valores permitió elaborar una ruta para la valoración plural del agua, reconociendo el ciclo hidrosocial en la subcuenca del río Vilcanota, y la necesaria inclusión de la gestión de la complejidad en la política pública ambiental.
Peru's environmental policy has been subjected to the guidelines of the neoliberal model implemented since the 1990s. These have promoted economic growth, mainly through extractive activities, as the only development alternative. In the last decade, the Vilcanota river basin, in the Cusco region, has shown high water vulnerability due to climate change and anthropic pressures from the economic model. Peruvian legislation on water resources recognizes three types of value for water (economic, ecological and social); however, its environmental authority only establishes mechanisms to calculate the monetary value, as well as the support of environmental governance based on cost-benefit analysis. The main objective of this work was to recognize the plurality of water values in the Vilcanota River sub-basin to integrate them into the management of the basin and promote the conservation of ecosystems, within the framework of the hydrosocial cycle. The economic value was based on an analysis of monetary flows associated with the variation in regional GDP. Significant variations ∆2014-2013 and ∆2017-2016 were found associated with effects on the hydrological regime, and an expanding sanitation sector due to anthropic pressure without recognizing the ecological limits of fragile ecosystems. The social value was analyzed based on the attributes indicated by local actors from the irrigation commissions, where a greater preference for the religious and historical values of water was identified, which are not incorporated into the valuation processes. The ecological value was found by integrating hydrological flows and social metabolism, finding high consumption in the household sector (urban: 265,151.71 m3/h, rural: 163,087.50 m3/h). The integration of values allowed the elaboration of a route for the plural valuation of water, recognizing the hydrosocial cycle in the Vilcanota river sub- basin, and the necessary inclusion of complexity management in environmental public policy.
Peru's environmental policy has been subjected to the guidelines of the neoliberal model implemented since the 1990s. These have promoted economic growth, mainly through extractive activities, as the only development alternative. In the last decade, the Vilcanota river basin, in the Cusco region, has shown high water vulnerability due to climate change and anthropic pressures from the economic model. Peruvian legislation on water resources recognizes three types of value for water (economic, ecological and social); however, its environmental authority only establishes mechanisms to calculate the monetary value, as well as the support of environmental governance based on cost-benefit analysis. The main objective of this work was to recognize the plurality of water values in the Vilcanota River sub-basin to integrate them into the management of the basin and promote the conservation of ecosystems, within the framework of the hydrosocial cycle. The economic value was based on an analysis of monetary flows associated with the variation in regional GDP. Significant variations ∆2014-2013 and ∆2017-2016 were found associated with effects on the hydrological regime, and an expanding sanitation sector due to anthropic pressure without recognizing the ecological limits of fragile ecosystems. The social value was analyzed based on the attributes indicated by local actors from the irrigation commissions, where a greater preference for the religious and historical values of water was identified, which are not incorporated into the valuation processes. The ecological value was found by integrating hydrological flows and social metabolism, finding high consumption in the household sector (urban: 265,151.71 m3/h, rural: 163,087.50 m3/h). The integration of values allowed the elaboration of a route for the plural valuation of water, recognizing the hydrosocial cycle in the Vilcanota river sub- basin, and the necessary inclusion of complexity management in environmental public policy.
Description
Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Escuela de Posgrado. Doctorado en
Economía de los Recursos Naturales y el Desarrollo Sustentable
Keywords
Agua
Citation
Date
2025
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