Optimización de una red de estaciones hidrometeorológicas multipropósitos en el Parque Nacional Huascarán
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Authors
Ramirez Alaluna, Pamela Margarita
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Abstract
La red de monitoreo hidroclimático del Parque Nacional Huascarán, que abarca los glaciares de la Cordillera Blanca, se compone por estaciones meteorológicas situadas en áreas no glaciares y una red hidrométrica ubicada principalmente en lagunas. Además, no se tiene una serie larga de datos climáticos ya que el registro no es continuo lo que limita su utilidad para fines de vigilancia, pronóstico, sistema de alerta temprana, entre otros. En este contexto, el objetivo de la investigación fue determinar puntos de monitoreo para proponer una red optimizada de estaciones hidrometeorológicas multipropósito en el Parque Nacional Huascarán y la zona de amortiguamiento; identificando el estado actual del sistema observacional, características climáticas y geográficas, y criterios técnicos para implementar una red. En el año 2023, las subcuencas involucradas en el área de estudio disponían de 23 estaciones meteorológicas y 7 estaciones hidrométricas a cargo del Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología (SENAMHI) y el Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Glaciares y Ecosistemas de Montaña (INAIGEM), siendo este último responsable de la vigilancia del área protegida. Para ubicar estaciones glaciológicas e hidrológicas se aplicó un enfoque geoespacial. Se priorizó la zona de ablación seleccionando superficies glaciares libre de detritos con accesibilidad y pendientes estables. Para ríos y lagunas se delimitaron microcuencas glaciares a partir de puntos de control hidrológico a menos de 3 km de los glaciares. Las estaciones meteorológicas se localizaron mediante una optimización multiobjetivo aplicando el algoritmo genético de clasificación no dominada elitista (NSGA II) planteando dos objetivos de optimización: (1) maximizar la cobertura espacial y (2) maximizar la uniformidad de distribución. Estas metodologías dieron como resultado 6 puntos para monitoreo glaciológico, 9 hidrológicos y 12 sitios candidatos para estaciones meteorológicas alcanzando más del 50 por ciento del área, lo que permitiría disponer de información hidroclimática en el entorno del Parque Nacional Huascarán.
The hydro-climatic monitoring network of Huascarán National Park, which encompasses the glaciers of the Cordillera Blanca, consists of meteorological stations located in non-glaciated areas and a hydrometric network situated mainly on lakes. Moreover, a long climatic data series is lacking because the record is not continuous, limiting its usefulness for surveillance, forecasting, early-warning systems, and other applications. In this context, the objective of the study was to identify monitoring points in order to propose an optimized multipurpose hydro-meteorological station network in Huascarán National Park and its buffer zone; this involved characterizing the current observational system, climatic and geographic features, and technical criteria for implementing a network. In 2023, the sub-basins within the study area had 23 meteorological stations and 7 hydrometric stations operated by the National Meteorology and Hydrology Service (SENAMHI) and the National Institute for Research on Glaciers and Mountain Ecosystems (INAIGEM), the latter being responsible for surveillance of the protected area. A geospatial approach was applied to locate glaciological and hydrological stations. The ablation zone was prioritized by selecting debris-free glacier surfaces with accessibility and stable slopes. For rivers and lakes, glacier micro-basins were delineated from hydrological control points located less than 3 km from the glaciers. Meteorological stations were positioned through a multi-objective optimization using the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II), with two optimization objectives: (1) maximizing spatial coverage and (2) maximizing distribution uniformity. These methodologies resulted in six glaciological monitoring points, nine hydrological points, and twelve candidate sites for meteorological stations, together covering more than 50 percent of the area, which would provide hydro-climatic information for the surroundings of Huascarán National Park.
The hydro-climatic monitoring network of Huascarán National Park, which encompasses the glaciers of the Cordillera Blanca, consists of meteorological stations located in non-glaciated areas and a hydrometric network situated mainly on lakes. Moreover, a long climatic data series is lacking because the record is not continuous, limiting its usefulness for surveillance, forecasting, early-warning systems, and other applications. In this context, the objective of the study was to identify monitoring points in order to propose an optimized multipurpose hydro-meteorological station network in Huascarán National Park and its buffer zone; this involved characterizing the current observational system, climatic and geographic features, and technical criteria for implementing a network. In 2023, the sub-basins within the study area had 23 meteorological stations and 7 hydrometric stations operated by the National Meteorology and Hydrology Service (SENAMHI) and the National Institute for Research on Glaciers and Mountain Ecosystems (INAIGEM), the latter being responsible for surveillance of the protected area. A geospatial approach was applied to locate glaciological and hydrological stations. The ablation zone was prioritized by selecting debris-free glacier surfaces with accessibility and stable slopes. For rivers and lakes, glacier micro-basins were delineated from hydrological control points located less than 3 km from the glaciers. Meteorological stations were positioned through a multi-objective optimization using the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II), with two optimization objectives: (1) maximizing spatial coverage and (2) maximizing distribution uniformity. These methodologies resulted in six glaciological monitoring points, nine hydrological points, and twelve candidate sites for meteorological stations, together covering more than 50 percent of the area, which would provide hydro-climatic information for the surroundings of Huascarán National Park.
Description
Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Escuela de Posgrado. Maestría en
Recursos Hídricos
Keywords
Parque Nacional Huascarán
Citation
Date
2025
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