Malezas asociadas al cultivo de café en la Selva Central del Perú
Authors
Alvarado Huamán, Leonel Eduardo
Abstract
La presencia de malezas en el cultivo de café es uno de los factores que limitan su sustentabilidad. Por ello, el estudio de la florística y ecología es necesario para el diseño de programas de manejo integrado de malezas. Este trabajo de investigación, se realizó entre marzo, 2017 a mayo, 2018, con el objetivo de conocer a las malezas asociadas al cultivo de café en la Selva Central del Perú. Se tomaron muestras de la comunidad de malezas en fincas cafetaleras en los distritos de San Ramón, Pichanaki y Villa Rica, colocando cinco cuadrantes (1 x 1 m), distribuidos aleatoriamente, en cada parcela. Durante los doce meses de evaluación, se identificaron taxonómicamente todas las especies encontradas dentro de los cuadrantes y se evaluó la cobertura e índices de diversidad. También se identificaron hongos y nematodos fitopatógenos asociados a estas especies. En total se identificaron 41 malezas, las familias más numerosas fueron Asteraceae (10) y Poaceae (5) y las especies que presentaron mayor porcentaje de cobertura fueron: Cyathula achyranthoides (Kunth) Moq. (San Ramón), Digitaria swalleniana Henrard (Pichanaki) y Stellaria media L. (Villa Rica). La parcela de Villa Rica fue la más diversa, presentando un índice H´ = 2.06, mayor que San Ramón (1.55) y Pichanaki (1.28). Con respecto a la presencia de fitopatógenos asociados a las malezas, se encontraron 10 géneros de hongos: Cercosporodium, Cercospora, Colletotrichum, Stagonospora, Mycosphaerella, Cercosporella, Phoma, Uredosporas, Polythrincium y Didymella y siete géneros de nemátodos: Meloidogyne, Helicotylenchus, Paratylenchus, Xiphinema, Tylenchulus, Tylenchus, Dolichodorus.
The presence of weeds in coffee cultivation is one of the factors that limit its sustainability. Therefore, the study of floristics and ecology is necessary for the design of integrated weed management programs. This research was carried out between March 2017 and May 2018, to find out the weeds associated with coffee cultivation in the Central Jungle of Peru. Samples were taken from the weed community on coffee farms in the districts of San Ramón, Pichanaki and Villa Rica. Five quadrants (1x1m) were placed, randomly distributed, in each plot. During the twelve months of evaluation, all the species found within the quadrants were identified taxonomically and the coverage and diversity indices (H ', D, J') were evaluated. Phytopathogenic fungi and nematodes associated with these species were also identified. In total, 41 weeds were identified, the largest families were Asteraceae (10) and Poaceae (5) and the species with the highest percentage of coverage were: Cyathula achyranthoides (Kunth) Moq. (San Ramón), Digitaria swalleniana Henrard (Pichanaki) and Stellaria media L. (Villa Rica). The plot of Villa Rica was the most diverse, presenting an index H '= 2.06, superior to San Ramon (1.55) and Pichanaki (1.28). Regarding the presence of phytopathogens associated with weeds, 10 genera of fungi were found: Cercosporodium, Cercospora, Colletotrichum, Stagonospora, Mycosphaerella, Cercosporella, Phoma, Uredosporas, Polythrincium y Didymella.
The presence of weeds in coffee cultivation is one of the factors that limit its sustainability. Therefore, the study of floristics and ecology is necessary for the design of integrated weed management programs. This research was carried out between March 2017 and May 2018, to find out the weeds associated with coffee cultivation in the Central Jungle of Peru. Samples were taken from the weed community on coffee farms in the districts of San Ramón, Pichanaki and Villa Rica. Five quadrants (1x1m) were placed, randomly distributed, in each plot. During the twelve months of evaluation, all the species found within the quadrants were identified taxonomically and the coverage and diversity indices (H ', D, J') were evaluated. Phytopathogenic fungi and nematodes associated with these species were also identified. In total, 41 weeds were identified, the largest families were Asteraceae (10) and Poaceae (5) and the species with the highest percentage of coverage were: Cyathula achyranthoides (Kunth) Moq. (San Ramón), Digitaria swalleniana Henrard (Pichanaki) and Stellaria media L. (Villa Rica). The plot of Villa Rica was the most diverse, presenting an index H '= 2.06, superior to San Ramon (1.55) and Pichanaki (1.28). Regarding the presence of phytopathogens associated with weeds, 10 genera of fungi were found: Cercosporodium, Cercospora, Colletotrichum, Stagonospora, Mycosphaerella, Cercosporella, Phoma, Uredosporas, Polythrincium y Didymella.
Description
Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Escuela de Posgrado. Maestría en Agricultura Sustentable
Keywords
Coffea Arabica; Malezas; Composición botánica; Flores; Fenología; Hongos patógenos; Nematoda; Encuestas; Evaluación; Zona tropical; Perú; Selva Central
Citation
Date
2018
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