Cambio del sistema de riego por gravedad a goteo y función de producción en el cultivo de Tara (Caesalpinia spinosa)
Authors
Romero Dulanto, Rosanna
Abstract
El trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el cambio del sistema de riego por gravedad a goteo y obtener la función de producción en el cultivo de tara (Caesalpinia spinosa) de seis años de edad. El río Lurín, es el principal abastecedor del agua de regadío del valle de Pachacamac, insuficiente para el uso agrícola. En la época de estiaje existe un déficit en la oferta de agua, siendo la fuente en esta época, el puquio Pan de Azúcar. El suelo es aluvial, textura arena franca, con un contenido de piedra superior al 50 % y el actual sistema de riego es por gravedad; todos estos factores contribuyen a la escasez y pérdida por percolación profunda y escorrentía superficial del agua de riego. La investigación se realizó entre los meses de febrero a noviembre del 2,020 en uno de los lotes de tara del fundo Belloni, Pachacamac – Lima. Se utilizó un diseño experimental completamente al azar, con seis tratamientos y tres repeticiones. Los tratamientos fueron: T0 riego por gravedad, T1, T2, T3, T4 y T5, riego por goteo con los siguientes factores de riego: 1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4 y 0.2 porciento de la evapotranspiración potencial (ETo), respectivamente. Los parámetros agronómicos evaluados fueron, la identificación de los estado fenológico del cultivo de tara en base a las evaluaciones realizadas quincenalmente, la cuantificación del tiempo de aparición de los diferentes órganos en la planta, monitoreo de la cobertura verde durante toda la etapa vegetativa, evaluación del porcentaje de taninos, rendimiento y calidad de vaina en postcosecha; aparición de nuevas raíces y monitoreo de la distribución de la humedad en el suelo por medio de la utilización de cuatro rizotrones. Para el diseño e instalación del riego por goteo se consideró: a) un similar porcentaje de área mojada (21.76 %) al sistema de riego por gravedad; b) coeficiente de uniformidad elevados, de diseño de 99 % y de campo de 92.61 % y c) eliminación de las macroalgas mediante la siembra de tilapias. El cambio de sistema de riego por gravedad a goteo, permitió: a) incrementar la eficiencia de riego de 53.5 % a 92.61 %; b) adelantar la floración y la cosecha en 35 días; c) alcanzar el porcentaje de taninos mayores a 60 %; d) no disminuyo el rendimiento en T1, en los demás tratamientos el rendimiento disminuyo en un 20% y e) permitir realizar diferentes actividades agronómicas en forma simultánea y la permanencia del mulch de la defoliación natural ayudando a conservar la humedad del suelo. Se obtuvo la función de producción que se ajustó a una polinómica de cuarto grado con un R2 = 0.9987. En el caso de las condiciones cada vez más escasas del recurso hídrico en la zona de estudio y el elevado precio del agua adicional en época de estiaje, la estrategia a seguir en función de la disponibilidad de agua, es la de maximizar la producción por unidad de agua aplicada por riego es decir lograr la máxima eficiencia del uso del agua (T4), mas no así la obtención del óptimo agronómico (T1). El cambio de sistema de riego por gravedad a goteo fue factible realizarlo en la plantación establecida de tara de seis años de edad, el factor de riego 0.4, presentó una mayor productividad 0.71 kg/m3, con una lámina de riego acumulada de 2,571.96 m3 y un rendimiento de 1,837.7 kg/ha.
The objective of the research work was to evaluate the change from the gravity to drip irrigation system and to obtain the production function in the six-year-old tara (Caesalpinia spinosa) crop. The Lurín River is the main supplier of irrigation water in the Pachacamac Valley, which is insufficient for agricultural use. In the dry season there is a deficit in the supply of water, being the source at this time, the Pan de Azúcar puquio. The soil is alluvial, loamy sand texture, with a stone content of over 50% and the current irrigation system is by gravity; All of these factors contribute to scarcity and loss through deep percolation and surface runoff of irrigation water. The investigation was carried out between the months of February to November 2020 in one of the tare lots of the Belloni estate, Pachacamac - Lima. A completely randomized experimental design with six treatments and three replications was used. The treatments were: T0 gravity irrigation, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, drip irrigation with the following irrigation factors: 1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4 and 0.2 percent of the potential evapotranspiration (ETo), respectively. The agronomic parameters evaluated were the identification of the phenological state of the tara crop based on the evaluations carried out fortnightly, the quantification of the time of appearance of the different organs in the plant, monitoring of the green cover during the entire vegetative stage, evaluation of the percentage of tannins, yield and pod quality in postharvest; appearance of new roots and monitoring of the distribution of moisture in the soil through the use of four rhizotrons. For the design and installation of drip irrigation, the following was considered: a) a similar percentage of wet area (21.76%) to the gravity irrigation system; b) high coefficient of uniformity, design of 99% and field of 92.61% and c) elimination of macroalgae by planting tilapias. The change from gravity to drip irrigation system allowed: a) to increase irrigation efficiency from 53.5% to 92.61%; b) advance flowering and harvest by 35 days; c) reach the percentage of tannins greater than 60%; d) it did not reduce the yield in T1, in the other treatments the yield decreased by 20% and e) allow different agronomic activities to be carried out simultaneously and the permanence of the mulch from natural defoliation, helping to conserve soil moisture. The production function was obtained that was fitted to a fourth degree polynomial with R2 = 0.9987. In the case of increasingly scarce water resource conditions in the study area and the high price of additional water during the dry season, the strategy to follow based on water availability is to maximize production per unit. of water applied by irrigation, that is, to achieve the maximum efficiency of water use (T4), but not to obtain the optimum agronomic value (T1). The change from the gravity to drip irrigation system was feasible in the established six-year-old tara plantation, the irrigation factor 0.4, presented a higher productivity of 0.71 kg/m3 , with an accumulated irrigation sheet of 2,571.96 m3 and a yield of 1,837.7 kg/ha.
The objective of the research work was to evaluate the change from the gravity to drip irrigation system and to obtain the production function in the six-year-old tara (Caesalpinia spinosa) crop. The Lurín River is the main supplier of irrigation water in the Pachacamac Valley, which is insufficient for agricultural use. In the dry season there is a deficit in the supply of water, being the source at this time, the Pan de Azúcar puquio. The soil is alluvial, loamy sand texture, with a stone content of over 50% and the current irrigation system is by gravity; All of these factors contribute to scarcity and loss through deep percolation and surface runoff of irrigation water. The investigation was carried out between the months of February to November 2020 in one of the tare lots of the Belloni estate, Pachacamac - Lima. A completely randomized experimental design with six treatments and three replications was used. The treatments were: T0 gravity irrigation, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, drip irrigation with the following irrigation factors: 1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4 and 0.2 percent of the potential evapotranspiration (ETo), respectively. The agronomic parameters evaluated were the identification of the phenological state of the tara crop based on the evaluations carried out fortnightly, the quantification of the time of appearance of the different organs in the plant, monitoring of the green cover during the entire vegetative stage, evaluation of the percentage of tannins, yield and pod quality in postharvest; appearance of new roots and monitoring of the distribution of moisture in the soil through the use of four rhizotrons. For the design and installation of drip irrigation, the following was considered: a) a similar percentage of wet area (21.76%) to the gravity irrigation system; b) high coefficient of uniformity, design of 99% and field of 92.61% and c) elimination of macroalgae by planting tilapias. The change from gravity to drip irrigation system allowed: a) to increase irrigation efficiency from 53.5% to 92.61%; b) advance flowering and harvest by 35 days; c) reach the percentage of tannins greater than 60%; d) it did not reduce the yield in T1, in the other treatments the yield decreased by 20% and e) allow different agronomic activities to be carried out simultaneously and the permanence of the mulch from natural defoliation, helping to conserve soil moisture. The production function was obtained that was fitted to a fourth degree polynomial with R2 = 0.9987. In the case of increasingly scarce water resource conditions in the study area and the high price of additional water during the dry season, the strategy to follow based on water availability is to maximize production per unit. of water applied by irrigation, that is, to achieve the maximum efficiency of water use (T4), but not to obtain the optimum agronomic value (T1). The change from the gravity to drip irrigation system was feasible in the established six-year-old tara plantation, the irrigation factor 0.4, presented a higher productivity of 0.71 kg/m3 , with an accumulated irrigation sheet of 2,571.96 m3 and a yield of 1,837.7 kg/ha.
Description
Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Escuela de Posgrado. Maestría en Riego y Drenaje
Keywords
Caesalpinia spinosa; Riego de superficie; Riego por goteo; Sistemas de riego; Manejo del cultivo; Calendario de los riegos; Calidad; Rendimiento de cultivos; Evaluación; Perú
Citation
Date
2022
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Excepto si se señala otra cosa, la licencia del ítem se describe como info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess