Modos de variabilidad de precipitación estacional e interanual en la región San Martín, Perú y su impacto en la agricultura
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Authors
Sulca Paredes, Breat Sheylla
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Abstract
La presente investigación analiza los modos de variabilidad estacional e interanual de la precipitación en la región San Martín y sus impactos en la agricultura durante el periodo 1981–2016. Se utilizó información de precipitación del producto PISCOp V2.1 a ~5 km de resolución espacial (Aybar et al., 2019) para identificar seis patrones estacionales, agrupados mediante Mapas Autoorganizados (SOM, por sus siglas en inglés). Estos patrones revelan configuraciones contrastantes, especialmente durante el verano, con un patrón húmedo que supera los 1 800 mm en la cordillera Central y Oriental de los Andes, y otro seco con acumulados inferiores a 1 000 mm. Cada patrón seco y húmedo fue asociado a modos de circulación atmosférica mediante análisis de composites a partir de datos ERA5, tanto a escala regional como sudamericana. Se encontró que los patrones húmedos coinciden con la presencia de una Alta de Bolivia (AB) bien establecida en 200 hPa, vientos del este intensos en 500 hPa y un Jet de Bajos Niveles (SALLJ) persistente (>14 m/s), favoreciendo la advección de humedad (hasta 1,4 g/kg en niveles medios). En contraste, los patrones secos se caracterizan por un desplazamiento hacia el sur de la AB, vientos débiles, ausencia del SALLJ y limitada convección profunda, especialmente en el centro de la región debido al bloqueo orográfico de la cordillera Oriental. Dado el papel crítico de la precipitación en la agricultura de secano en San Martín, se evaluó el impacto de los patrones secos bajo un enfoque de riesgo climático, considerando las variables de peligro, vulnerabilidad y exposición a partir de información de instituciones gubernamentales. Los resultados muestran un riesgo climático “muy alto” durante las estaciones marzo–mayo y junio–agosto en distritos como Juan Guerra, Sauce, Tabalosos, Zapatero, Bajo Biavo y Santa Rosa, los cuales presentan alta vulnerabilidad debido a baja capacidad adaptativa ante la escasez hídrica, y alta sensibilidad socioeconómica asociada a la ausencia de riego.
This study analyzes the seasonal and interannual modes of precipitation variability in the San Martín region and their impacts on agriculture during the period 1981–2016. Precipitation data from the PISCOp V2.1 product (~5 km spatial resolution; Aybar et al., 2019) were used to identify six seasonal patterns, which were grouped using the Self Organizing Maps (SOM) method. These patterns reveal contrasting configurations, especially in summer, with a wet pattern exceeding 1,800 mm over the central and eastern Andes, and a dry pattern with totals below 1,000 mm. Each wet and dry pattern was associated with atmospheric circulation modes through composite analysis using ERA5 data, at both regional and South American scales. Results show that wet patterns are linked to the presence of an established Bolivian High (BH) at 200 hPa, strong easterly winds at 500 hPa, and a persistent South American Low-Level Jet (SALLJ) exceeding 14 m/s, which enhances moisture advection (up to 1.4 g/kg at mid levels). In contrast, dry patterns are characterized by a southward displacement of the BH, weak winds, absence of the SALLJ, and limited deep convection, particularly in the central part of San Martin due to the orographic blocking of the eastern Andes. Given the critical role of rainfall in San Martin’s agriculture, the impact of dry patterns was assessed under a climate risk approach, considering hazard, vulnerability, and exposure variables based on governmental data. The results indicate a “very high” climate risk during the March–May and June–August seasons in districts such as Juan Guerra, Sauce, Tabalosos, Zapatero, Bajo Biavo, and Santa Rosa. These areas exhibit high vulnerability due to low adaptive capacity to water scarcity and high socioeconomic sensitivity associated with the lack of irrigation.
This study analyzes the seasonal and interannual modes of precipitation variability in the San Martín region and their impacts on agriculture during the period 1981–2016. Precipitation data from the PISCOp V2.1 product (~5 km spatial resolution; Aybar et al., 2019) were used to identify six seasonal patterns, which were grouped using the Self Organizing Maps (SOM) method. These patterns reveal contrasting configurations, especially in summer, with a wet pattern exceeding 1,800 mm over the central and eastern Andes, and a dry pattern with totals below 1,000 mm. Each wet and dry pattern was associated with atmospheric circulation modes through composite analysis using ERA5 data, at both regional and South American scales. Results show that wet patterns are linked to the presence of an established Bolivian High (BH) at 200 hPa, strong easterly winds at 500 hPa, and a persistent South American Low-Level Jet (SALLJ) exceeding 14 m/s, which enhances moisture advection (up to 1.4 g/kg at mid levels). In contrast, dry patterns are characterized by a southward displacement of the BH, weak winds, absence of the SALLJ, and limited deep convection, particularly in the central part of San Martin due to the orographic blocking of the eastern Andes. Given the critical role of rainfall in San Martin’s agriculture, the impact of dry patterns was assessed under a climate risk approach, considering hazard, vulnerability, and exposure variables based on governmental data. The results indicate a “very high” climate risk during the March–May and June–August seasons in districts such as Juan Guerra, Sauce, Tabalosos, Zapatero, Bajo Biavo, and Santa Rosa. These areas exhibit high vulnerability due to low adaptive capacity to water scarcity and high socioeconomic sensitivity associated with the lack of irrigation.
Description
Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Escuela de Posgrado. Maestría en Meteorología Aplicada
Keywords
Patrones de precipitación
Citation
Date
2025
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