Obtención de almidones modificados, a partir de papas nativas, y su aplicación para la microencapsulación de un extracto vegetal
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Authors
Martínez Tapia, Mirtha Patricia
Abstract
Se estudiaron las características morfológicas y estructurales de almidones obtenidos de tres cultivares de papas nativas: Imilla blanca (IB), Imilla negra (IB) y Loc’ka (LK). Estos almidones se modificaron por esterificación con anhídrido octenil succínico (OSA) y con ácido cítrico (AC). Los almidones esterificados con OSA se modificaron según el método convencional (almidones OSA) y con ultrasonido como pretratamiento (almidones US OSA). El almidón LK se esterificó con AC (LKC) por su tamaño de gránulo uniforme y menor viscosidad, y se realizó un proceso de optimización de los parámetros de esterificación empleando el método de superficie de respuesta (MSR). El ESPC se extrajo con agua caliente a partir de harina de semilla de palta, y el extracto fue concentrado al vacío. Los almidones OSA, US-OSA y LKC se caracterizaron y fueron evaluados como material de pared formando micropartículas con el ESPC usando la técnica de atomización. Las micropartículas obtenidas se evaluaron como material de pared usando la microscopía óptica, con lo que, se seleccionó al almidón LKC para formar micropartículas de ESPC. El comportamiento del almidón LKC fue comparado con maltodextrina (MD) y una mezcla de ambas; por lo que, se obtuvieron las micropartículas con los siguientes materiales de pared MD, MD-LKC y LKC, y fueron caracterizadas mediante eficiencia de encapsulación, rendimiento del proceso, actividad de agua, contenido de humedad, higroscopicidad, parámetros de tamaño y de color. Los almidones IB, IN y LK presentaron cristalinidad de tipo B, el almidón IN mostró la mayor viscosidad pico en la formación de pasta. El almidón LK presentó el índice de dispersión (span) más bajo y el mayor porcentaje de cadenas B1 de amilopectina (13 a 24 unidades de glucosa). El espectro infrarrojo de los almidones OSA y US-OSA mostró dos nuevos picos a 1572 y 1724 cm−1 debido a los grupos OS incorporados; sin embargo, no se evidenciaron cambios significativos en la cristalinidad. El análisis de difracción láser mostró la aglomeración de los gránulos de los almidones OSA; mientras que, los de los almidones US-OSA estuvieron más dispersos debido al pretratamiento con ultrasonido. Los parámetros óptimos para la esterificación del almidón LK con AC fueron 12,34 por ciento de concentración de la solución de AC y 16 h de tiempo de reacción, con los que se obtuvo el almidón citrato óptimo (LKC) con menor viscosidad (2,42 mPas) y mayor solubilidad (5,53 por ciento) que su contraparte nativa (LK). Los almidones (OSA y US-OSA) no presentaron características adecuadas como material de pared para microencapsular el ESPC debido a que se observaron sus gránulos en las micrografías. El almidón LKC se empleó como material de pared para la microencapsulación del ESPC bajo las siguientes condiciones: temperatura de aire de secado 150 C, flujo de alimentación de 9 mL/min y caudal de aire 35 m3/h. La suspensión de alimentación para microencapsular (ESPC y material de pared) tuvo una concentración de 21 por ciento de sólidos totales. Las micropartículas obtenidas con LKC se formaron con los gránulos más pequeños del almidón y presentaron baja actividad de agua e higroscopicidad. Sin embargo, la eficiencia de encapsulación y rendimiento del proceso fueron menores que las micropartículas obtenidas con MD.
The morphological and structural characteristics of starches isolated from three Andean native potato cultivars were studied: Imilla blanca (IB), Imilla negra (IN) y Loc’ka (LK). These starches were modified by esterification with octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) and citric acid (CA). The esterified starches with OSA were modified according to the conventional method (OSA starches) and with ultrasound as pretreatment (US-OSA starches). LK starch was esterified with CA (LKC) due to its uniform particle size and minor viscosity, and the esterification parameters were optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM). The EPSC was extracted with hot water from avocado seeds flour, and the extract was vacuum concentrated. The OSA, US-OSA, and LKC starches were characterized and used as wall materials obtaining ESPC microparticles using spray drying technique. The microparticles produced with the esterified starches were evaluated as wall materials using optical microscopy, and the LKC starch was chosen to produce ESPC microparticles. The behavior of LKC starch was compared with maltodextrin (MD) and a mixture of both; thus, the microparticles MD, MD-LKC, and LKC were produced and characterized by means of encapsulation efficiency, yield, water activity, moisture content, hygroscopicity, size and color parameters. IB, IN, and LK starches showed type B crystallinity, IN starch showed the highest peak viscosity during pasting. LK starch showed the lowest span and the highest percentage of B1 amylopectin chains (13 to 24 glucose units). The infrared spectrum of OSA and US-OSA starches showed two new peaks at 1572 and 1724 cm−1 due to the incorporated OS groups; however, there was no evidence of a significant change in their crystallinity. The laser diffraction analysis showed the agglomeration of OSA starch granules; while, US-OSA starch granules were more dispersed due to the ultrasound pretreatment. The optimal parameters for esterification of LK starch with CA were CA solution 12.34% and reaction time 16 h; with these parameters the optimum esterified starch (LKC) was synthetized and showed lower viscosity (2.42 mPas) y higher solubility (5.53%) than its native counterpart (LK). The OSA and US-OSA starches did not show suitable characteristics for encapsulating the EPSC using spray drying, due to starch granules were observed in the micrographs. LKC starch was used as wall material for microencapsulation of EPSC with the following conditions: air drying temperature 150 °C, feed flow 9 mL/min, and air volume flow 35 m3/h. The feed solution for microencapsulation (ESPC and wall material) had 21% total solids. The microparticles produced with LKC were formed with small starch particles and low water activity and hygroscopicity. However, the encapsulation efficiency and yield were lower than those of microparticles produced with MD.
The morphological and structural characteristics of starches isolated from three Andean native potato cultivars were studied: Imilla blanca (IB), Imilla negra (IN) y Loc’ka (LK). These starches were modified by esterification with octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) and citric acid (CA). The esterified starches with OSA were modified according to the conventional method (OSA starches) and with ultrasound as pretreatment (US-OSA starches). LK starch was esterified with CA (LKC) due to its uniform particle size and minor viscosity, and the esterification parameters were optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM). The EPSC was extracted with hot water from avocado seeds flour, and the extract was vacuum concentrated. The OSA, US-OSA, and LKC starches were characterized and used as wall materials obtaining ESPC microparticles using spray drying technique. The microparticles produced with the esterified starches were evaluated as wall materials using optical microscopy, and the LKC starch was chosen to produce ESPC microparticles. The behavior of LKC starch was compared with maltodextrin (MD) and a mixture of both; thus, the microparticles MD, MD-LKC, and LKC were produced and characterized by means of encapsulation efficiency, yield, water activity, moisture content, hygroscopicity, size and color parameters. IB, IN, and LK starches showed type B crystallinity, IN starch showed the highest peak viscosity during pasting. LK starch showed the lowest span and the highest percentage of B1 amylopectin chains (13 to 24 glucose units). The infrared spectrum of OSA and US-OSA starches showed two new peaks at 1572 and 1724 cm−1 due to the incorporated OS groups; however, there was no evidence of a significant change in their crystallinity. The laser diffraction analysis showed the agglomeration of OSA starch granules; while, US-OSA starch granules were more dispersed due to the ultrasound pretreatment. The optimal parameters for esterification of LK starch with CA were CA solution 12.34% and reaction time 16 h; with these parameters the optimum esterified starch (LKC) was synthetized and showed lower viscosity (2.42 mPas) y higher solubility (5.53%) than its native counterpart (LK). The OSA and US-OSA starches did not show suitable characteristics for encapsulating the EPSC using spray drying, due to starch granules were observed in the micrographs. LKC starch was used as wall material for microencapsulation of EPSC with the following conditions: air drying temperature 150 °C, feed flow 9 mL/min, and air volume flow 35 m3/h. The feed solution for microencapsulation (ESPC and wall material) had 21% total solids. The microparticles produced with LKC were formed with small starch particles and low water activity and hygroscopicity. However, the encapsulation efficiency and yield were lower than those of microparticles produced with MD.
Description
Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Escuela de Posgrado. Doctorado en Ciencias e Ingeniería Biológicas
Keywords
Papa nativa
Citation
Date
2024
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