Impacto del cambio de cobertura de uso de suelo en la hidrología utilizando el modelo SWAT: aplicación a cuenca Lurín
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Authors
Quispe Medina, Liseth Steysil
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Abstract
La cuenca del río Lurín enfrenta una creciente presión sobre sus recursos hídricos, condicionado por su aridez, limitada información hidrometeorológica y transformaciones en la cobertura y uso del suelo. Este estudio aborda la evaluación del impacto de los cambios de cobertura y uso del suelo en los procesos hidrológicos de la cuenca del río Lurín, Perú, durante el período 1990-2020, mediante la aplicación del modelo hidrológico semidistribuido SWAT. La metodología incluyó un análisis multitemporal de cobertura y uso suelo a escala decadal (años 1990, 2000, 2010 y 2020) con mapas derivados del producto MapBiomas Perú. Asimismo, se implementó el modelo hidrológico SWAT, el cual fue calibrado y validado en la estación hidrológica Antapucro (escala diaria). Los resultados mostraron la reducción de “Pastizal/Herbazal” (2.67 %) y “Zona pantanosa o pastizal inundable” (0.09 %), acompañada del incremento de "Área altoandina con escasa y sin vegetación" (1.89 %). El modelo logró estadísticas de desempeño satisfactorias tanto en la estación Antapucro (NSE: 0.66-0.60, PBIAS: -0.30-7.60%, R: 0.83-0.85). En términos hidrológicos, los cambios LULC entre 1990 y 2020 resultaron en el aumento de la escorrentía superficial (9.76%) y una disminución de los flujos de retorno (LATQ y GWQ), reflejando una menor capacidad de infiltración y regulación hídrica. Estos hallazgos sugieren una redistribución interna del agua que, si bien no altera sustancialmente el balance hídrico total, aumenta la vulnerabilidad de la cuenca frente a eventos extremos como sequías y crecidas.
The Lurín River basin faces increasing pressure on its water resources, due to its aridity, limited hydrometeorological information, and changes in land cover and land use. This study assesses the impact of changes in land cover and land use on hydrological processes in the Lurín River basin, Peru, during the period 1990-2020, using the semi-distributed SWAT hydrological model. The methodology included a multi-temporal analysis of land cover and land use on a decadal scale (1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020) with maps derived from the MapBiomas Peru product. The SWAT hydrological model was also implemented, which was calibrated and validated at the Antapucro hydrological station (daily scale). The results showed a reduction in “Grassland/Herbaceous vegetation” (2.67%) and “Wetlands or floodplain grassland” (0.09%), accompanied by an increase in “High Andean area with sparse and no vegetation” (1.89%). The model achieved satisfactory performance statistics at both the Antapucro station (NSE: 0.66-0.60, PBIAS: -0.30-7.60%, R: 0.83-0.85). In hydrological terms, LULC changes between 1990 and 2020 resulted in increased surface runoff (9.76%) and decreased return flows (LATQ and GWQ), reflecting reduced infiltration and water regulation capacity. These findings suggest an internal redistribution of water that, while not substantially altering the total water balance, increases the vulnerability of the basin to extreme events such as droughts and floods.
The Lurín River basin faces increasing pressure on its water resources, due to its aridity, limited hydrometeorological information, and changes in land cover and land use. This study assesses the impact of changes in land cover and land use on hydrological processes in the Lurín River basin, Peru, during the period 1990-2020, using the semi-distributed SWAT hydrological model. The methodology included a multi-temporal analysis of land cover and land use on a decadal scale (1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020) with maps derived from the MapBiomas Peru product. The SWAT hydrological model was also implemented, which was calibrated and validated at the Antapucro hydrological station (daily scale). The results showed a reduction in “Grassland/Herbaceous vegetation” (2.67%) and “Wetlands or floodplain grassland” (0.09%), accompanied by an increase in “High Andean area with sparse and no vegetation” (1.89%). The model achieved satisfactory performance statistics at both the Antapucro station (NSE: 0.66-0.60, PBIAS: -0.30-7.60%, R: 0.83-0.85). In hydrological terms, LULC changes between 1990 and 2020 resulted in increased surface runoff (9.76%) and decreased return flows (LATQ and GWQ), reflecting reduced infiltration and water regulation capacity. These findings suggest an internal redistribution of water that, while not substantially altering the total water balance, increases the vulnerability of the basin to extreme events such as droughts and floods.
Description
Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Facultad de Ingeniería Agrícola.
Departamento Académico de Recursos Hídricos
Keywords
Cuenca; Evaporación; Sequía; Acuífero; Sedimentación; Precipitación
Citation
Date
2026
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